基于LAMBDA方法的整周模糊度快速解算方法

整周模糊度快速解算是导航定位接收机实现高精度的动态定位和姿态测量重要保证,对该方法的研究意义重大。介绍了目前常见的整周模糊度快速解算方法,并对这些方法进行了分析和比较。通过比较验证了LAMBDA方法在进行整周模糊度解算过程中的优越性,并重点对LAMBDA方法及其改进算法进行了研究,通过仿真分析可知LAMBDA改进算法可以使搜索时间提高一个数量级,为以后工程应用提供了理论基础。     

星载三频GNSS接收机的整周模糊度解算

TCAR算法是GNSS中常用的快速确定三频模糊度的方法。虽然原理简单,计算方便,但是模糊度解算正确的概率很小,需要验证求解数值的正确性。而星载GNSS接收机存在着可见星数目低于3颗的情况,无法进行验证,文章通过结合递推加权最小二乘,对算法进行了改进,给出了适合于任何情况下求解模糊度的改进的TCAR加权算法,克服了TCAR算法在可见星不足情况下,无法获取正确的模糊度数值的缺点。同时在GNSS可见星不低于3颗的情况下,对改进的TCAR加权算法添加了模糊度搜索环节,使得算法在确保模糊度解算成功率的前提下,进一步提高解算效率。最后通过对比仿真表明,在可视卫星数目小于3时,只能采用改进的TCAR加权算法进行模糊度的确定;在可视卫星数目不低于3时,采用改进的TCAR搜索算法求解模糊度,拥有高成功率和高效率的特点。     

GPS动态定位中整周模糊度的快速解算

在导航中快速和高精度GPS定位需要解算差分载波相位的整周模糊度值.目前整周模糊度的求解方法,丢失了对提高未知参数估值精度很有用的历元信息,并且在去相关过程中必须使方差阵为正定阵,不仅解算难度大,还可能出现病态分解,使得去相关失败.提出了一种GPS整周模糊度的快速解算方法,首先利用卡尔曼算法求解整周模糊度的浮点解;其次确定搜索空间,对协方差阵进行Cholesky分解,削弱其相关性;最后用ratio检验得出最终解.通过理论推导和基于实测数据的仿真分析表明,卡尔曼算法有效地利用多历元信息提高了浮点解的精度,并且在去相关过程中解决了方差阵必须为正定阵的问题,避免出现病态分解,使得搜索空间得到明显的改善,提高了效率,具有实际的应用价值.     

一种适用于长基线的改进CIR算法

长基线下,受伪距多径和电离层残差影响,传统的CIR法解算载波相位宽巷模糊度时某些历元无法得到正确的结果,基础载波模糊度的搜索范围也较大。分析了CIR法的模糊度误差,提出了基于载波相位平滑伪距并且消除电离层时延的改进的CIR算法,分析了其误差方差,最后利用Compass系统实测数据对短基线和长基线两种情况下CIR法和改进CIR法的解算结果进行比较。实测数据表明,本文提出的算法能够单历元解算超宽巷模糊度和宽巷模糊度,并且能够大大缩小基础载波模糊度的搜索空间。     

基于遗传算法的整周模糊度OTF解算

建立了一种基于简单遗传算法的改进模糊度搜索方法。首先采用一组约束方程求解模糊度浮点数解 ,然后UDUT 和LDLT 分解对整周模糊度进行整数高斯变换以降低各整周模糊度之间的相关性 ,最后利用遗传算法进行整周模糊度搜索。在种群个体较少的情况下 ,为了避免早熟使搜索陷入局部最优 ,提出两种变异算子 ,保持个体的多样性。仿真结果表明改进后的算法能够实时动态解算整周模糊度 ,且较使用简单遗传算法具有更快的搜索速度和鲁棒性。     

加权模糊C均值聚类算法实现BDS三频组合观测值优选

在对BDS三频载波相位组合观测值进行误差分析的基础上，确定了优选载波相位线性组合系数的筛选标准。针对传统聚类算法在高维多频混合数据集分类中存在的不足，采用一种基于加权的模糊C均值聚类算法，通过对同一维度在不同簇上赋予不同的权重值，对传统遍历搜索法所获得的部分BDS三频载波相位组合观测值进行了优化分类选取，有效解决了传统全球导航卫星系统载波相位观测值选取方法效率低的问题，同时为多系统多频数据组合观测值系数的优化选取提供了一种新的思路。对分类结果进行分析，确定了各类组合观测量的适用范围，并结合实测数据，利用无几何层叠模糊度解算方法对优选组合进行了整周模糊度的解算，结果验证了该方法的可行性。     

BDS/INS紧组合三频动对动模糊度解算方法

针对伪距观测噪声较大导致动对动条件下三频整周模糊度解法(Three Carrier Ambiguity Resolution, TCAR)模糊度解算不可靠的问题,提出了一种BDS/INS紧组合三频动对动整周模糊度解算方法。通过紧组合系统输出的高精度位置坐标,估算出双差几何距离值,并用其分别代替无几何和几何模式下的双差伪距观测值,显著降低了伪距双差观测噪声水平,有效提高了三频整周模糊度解算成功率。仿真实验结果表明,BDS/INS紧组合输出的高精度位置坐标使得伪距观测精度提高了60%以上,在短基线条件下,当伪距观测噪声达到2 m时,无几何模式下的TCAR算法模糊度解算成功率为0.73%,几何模式下的TCAR算法模糊度解算成功率为31.25%,而BDS/INS紧组合的TCAR算法在两种模式下的模糊度解算成功率达到99%以上,并且获得了厘米级的相对定位精度。     

利用几何约束快速求解整周模糊度

以GPS载波相位测量来确定载体姿态为背景 ,针对其中的关键技术问题———载波相位整周模糊度的快速解算 ,提出了一种充分利用卫星与基线之间几何约束来压缩搜索空间 ,快速得到正确的双差模糊度组合的方法 ,并通过对ADUⅡ接收机采集的原始数据进行处理 ,其结果证明这是一种行之有效的模糊度搜索方法。     

多基准站相对定位算法及先验基线向量偏差影响分析

为提高单基准站短基线相对定位解算的可靠性,研究了多基准站约束的相对定位算法。将基准站间可提前测量的先验基线信息融入观测模型中,给出了多基准站相对定位的函数模型和随机模型,在此基础上推导了模糊度精度因子的解析表达式,揭示了基准站数量的增加对模糊度浮点解精度提升的作用;从理论上分析了基准站间先验基线信息中的偏差对模糊度解算的影响,分析表明,当先验基线各分量偏差的绝对值之和小于5 cm时,模糊度解算几乎不受影响;通过仿真和实测数据进行了验证。试验结果表明,增加基准站数量不仅能有效提升模糊度解算成功率和收敛速度,并且对先验基线信息中的偏差具有较好的抑制作用,当基线各分量偏差均增加到4 cm时,实测数据模糊度解算成功率仍能达到92%以上。研究结论为特殊场景下多基准站间的快速非精确标定提供了理论依据。     

基于北斗动动精密相对定位的模糊度解算方法

模糊度解算方法是GNSS动动定位的关键技术,传统模糊度解算方法只针对单频或双频信号进行处理,为此分析了北斗动动差分相对定位模型,并阐述了动态模糊度解算的一般方法,在此基础上提出了一种短基线北斗三频TCAR方法求解动态模糊度,即首先求解出三个线性无关的线性组合的模糊度,然后恢复原始频率观测值的模糊度。短基线车载动动测试结果表明:该北斗三频模糊度解算方法是有效的,模糊度正确固定后基线解算精度为cm级。     

Helping hands: civil–military cooperation and Italy's military operation abroad

In the Post-Bipolar Era the growing complexity of the military operations requires a new approach for the resolution of international crises. Since the end of the Cold War, peace support operations (PSO) have become the mainstay and principal occupation of most Western armies. At the same time, Italy has been one of the most important actors in such an area. The article focuses on the cooperation between military and civil components (a process called CIMIC) as a key variable in the Italian PSOs. We will analyse in detail the main lessons learned from past military interventions as well as the general context in which new tendencies are taking place. The maintaining of a minimum security frame becomes essential to fulfil activities ‘collateral’ to the mission: reconstructing services and infrastructure, food distribution, water and medication, law and order, de-mining, training of local forces, and supporting local institutions. These are the main tasks to obtain thrust and support from the population.     

Terrorism,insurgency, kidnapping,and security in Africa's energy sector

Energy continues to serve as the bedrock of modern economies and the main driver of modern society. For Africa, the production and supply of energy resources such as crude oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, biomass, biofuels and other renewables are an important source of employment, rents, taxes, royalties and profits. This sector brings in several tens of billions of dollars of revenue annually. The production and delivery of such resources, however, depend on critical infrastructures such as pipelines, refineries, processing plants, terminals, rigs, electrical energy pylons, substations, pump stations, vessels, and tankers. These infrastructures have been attacked by terrorists, insurgents, vandals and saboteurs, all of whom see them as targets against which to register their grievances and extract concessions from the state. This paper is a chronological account of some of the documented incidents of terrorism, insurgency, kidnapping, destruction, sabotage, and human casualties suffered in the oil and gas sectors in Africa between 1999 and 2012. It is based on data extracted from the databases of the RAND Database of World Terrorism Incidents and the University of Maryland's Global Terrorism Database (GTD).     

A1 Qaeda and the radical Islamic challenge to western strategy

The September 11 global crisis prompted by the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon raises major questions concerning the nature and trajectory of terrorism in the post-Cold War global order. Hitherto, terrorism has been largely debated by analysts at the level of nation states. Terrorist and insurgent movements have also been largely anchored in nationalist and ethnic power bases even when they have sought to mobilise a transnational ideological appeal on religious or class grounds. There have been a few exceptions to this pattern such as the alliance between the German Baader-Meinhof group and the Japanese Red Army Faction, but even such international alliances as this did not, until at least the 1980s, presage anything like a global terrorist network necessitating a global strategic response. This study examines terrorism and global strategic responses.     

Tacit support for terrorism: The rapprochement between the USSR and Palestinian guerrilla organizations following the 1967 war

This article demonstrates the inconsistent and wavering Soviet attitude towards national liberation movements in general and the Palestinian organizations in particular. Until the late 1960s, the Soviets viewed these organizations with suspicion, hesitating to engage in political dialogue with them. However, in the 1970s, political and military events in the region, as well as modifications in the Kremlin's Cold War strategies, led to a general shift towards the Middle East in Soviet foreign policy. Soviet leaders showed increased willingness to provide certain Palestinian organizations with arms with which to conduct terrorist activities against Israeli, pro-Israeli, Jewish and Western targets. The article explores the complex relations between Palestinian organizations and the USSR in the field of international terror. The study also exposes and analyzes the nature and content of Soviet–Palestinian arms dialogues and transactions. It provides clear evidence that Soviet policymakers and other luminaries were fully informed of, and sometimes directly involved in, these transactions and dialogues at the highest levels.     

Helping hands: external support for the KNU insurgency in Burma

This article analyses to what extent the Burmese KNU insurgency made use of external support from states, refugees, and diasporas. Based on extensive fieldwork it is concluded that support from neighbouring states and refugees has for years kept the Karen rebellion alive. Western countries perceived forms of resistance to the illegitimate Burmese regime as just and have therefore played a crucial role in the continuation of conflict in Karen State. It is important that policymakers and donors as well as executing organizations continue to reflect critically on the way they exercise their work.     

基于GTST-DMLD-ESD的装备RMS建模仿真

装备的RMS是装备的重要设计参数,是影响战备完好和保障能力的关键因素.引入GTST-DMLD作为主要建模工具,建立起装备系统的RMS描述模型,以ESD为补充和扩展,对维修过程进行建模.并以GTST-DMLD-ESD模型作为装备RMS仿真的核心,对装备RMS仿真模型的总体框架进行了研究,并对各模块进行了较为详细的探讨.     

Cyber sheiks and grassroots jihadis: the war in Syria and the devolution of the Bosnian Salafi communities

ABSTRACT

What was the scope of the Bosnian jihadi participation in the war in Syria? Did the Bosnian volunteers tend to join one particular faction? Why did the Bosnian youngsters decide to join the holy war in the Levant? Was this an organized and hierarchical process or was this a grassroots movement? Last, were all the Salafis in Bosnia supportive of this dynamic or did this process cause internal frictions? These are some of the questions that this research will try to answer.     

Country survey XVI the defence sector in the economy of a declining superpower: Soviet Union and Russia, 1965-2001

The Soviet Union was able to develop a large military-industrial complex and become the world's second superpower despite deficiencies in its centrally planned economy because defence was given high priority status and special planning, rationing and administrative mechanisms were used to attain national security objectives. However, in the period 1976-85 the effectiveness of priority protection diminished and defence institutions experienced more of the problems typical of the shortage economic system. The heavy defence burden also created growing difficulties for the civilian economy. The attempts by the Gorbachev government to reform the defence sector and improve defence-economic relationships during perestroika (1985-91) uniformly failed. For most of the transition period, the Russian military-industrial complex has been adversely affected by its low priority status, cuts in defence spending, instability of the hybrid politico-economic system, and negative growth of the economy. The armed forces and defence industry have been reduced in size and their outputs of military services and equipment have fallen to low levels. Nevertheless, the Russian armed forces still have over one million troops, significant stocks of sophisticated conventional weapons, and a large nuclear arsenal. The government of President Putin has raised the priority of the defence sector, increased real defence spending, and adopted ambitious plans to revive Russian military power. It is likely, though, that tight resource constraints will hamper efforts to reform the armed forces and to upgrade weapons. By 2010 Russia will be an important, but not dominant, military power in Eurasia.     

Traffickers,terrorists, and a ‘new security challenge’: Russian counternarcotics strategy and the Federal Service for the Control of the Drugs Trade

The collapse of the Soviet Union precipitated the massive expansion of drug use and trade in Russia. The country now has one of the largest populations of injecting drug users in the world and has become the largest single-country market for Afghan heroin. In 2003 the Federal Service for the Control of the Drugs Trade was created to coordinate a comprehensive counternarcotics strategy appropriate to the scale of this threat. The service continues to face a number of challenges in its early stages of development. However, it has made considerable advances in improving responses to large-scale organised crime and in building international cooperation.