载有时变电流细螺绕环的涡旋电场

根据涡旋电场叠加原理,计算了载有时变电流细螺绕环激发的涡旋电场的场强,其结果与文献[4]的有关结果完全一致,从而进一步验证了涡旋电场叠加原理的正确性。在此基础上,经过分析得出了载有时变电流细螺绕环涡旋电场的分布情况。     

碳化硼表面金属化初步研究

为了降低碳化硼(B,C)与金属钎焊连接的温度,采用真空熔结Al基钎料的方法,在1000℃时对其进行了表面金属化处理,SEM和EDAX观察分析B4C与钎料结合断面的形貌和元素面分布,发现B4C与钎料界面发生了互扩散,界面结合致密,形成冶金结合.     

海水中稳恒电流电场的点电极计算模型

根据点电极基本假设,利用均匀介质中稳恒电流场与静电场的相似性,分别采用分离变量法和镜像法计算了点电极稳恒电流场在空气 海水 海床三层介质平行界面模型下的电位分布,从而得到了海水中稳恒电流电场的计算模型.计算结果表明:点电极的电场分布具有明显的特征,可作为舰船电场电极阵列模拟的计算单元.     

建筑物内部电场强度分布特性数值模拟研究

为解决建筑物内部空间电场强度分布难以量化的问题,采用时域有限差分（FDTD）法,对以平面波为激励源,二阶Mur收边界条件的闭合规则建筑物、非规则加窗建筑物和含钢筋非规则加窗建筑物3种模型结构内部电场强度分布特性进行模拟,并通过FEKO软件对计算结果的有效性进行验证。结果表明：普通混凝土材质的建筑物对平面波电场几乎无屏蔽效能;吸波混凝土材质的建筑物对平面波电场的屏蔽效能也较为有限,且随激励源频率的增加,在建筑开窗区域附近的谐振性增强,屏蔽性减弱;通过对植入钢筋墙体建筑物采用细线FDTD法的场强分布计算,证明金属钢筋可提高建筑围护结构的屏蔽效能。     

海水电场受物体电导率及其形状影响分析

海水中电场测量体会对目标电场产生影响,为了提高电场测量的准确度,利用有限元分析的方法研究了物体对海水电场分布的影响因素,并确定畸变电场的分布规律。仿真结果表明:海水电场畸变峰值大小及其畸变区域受物体的电导率及其形状影响,物体电导率小于或大于海水电导率时对电场分布的影响截然相反,物体形状的曲率越大,电场畸变的峰值越大,但畸变区域越小。     

基于等效电路和点电流源的潜艇水下腐蚀电场估算

为了对潜艇涂层破损状态的水下腐蚀电场进行快速评估,基于电化学腐蚀原理和潜艇结构特点,建立潜艇涂层局部破损时的腐蚀电流等效电路,对潜艇涂层局部破损时的腐蚀电流强度进行估算,并基于点电流源对潜艇腐蚀电场建模,将潜艇涂层破损部位和裸露螺旋桨等效为点电流源,利用点电流源在分层介质中的电场计算公式对潜艇涂层破损时的腐蚀稳恒电场进行估算。与某型潜艇腐蚀电场商业有限元软件COMSOL仿真结果对比表明：该估算方法得到的潜艇表面腐蚀电流和不同路径电场分布曲线规律与COMSOL仿真结果基本一致,电流估算值相对误差不超过6.5%,电场各分量峰峰值相对误差不超过18%。     

基于TEM小室的宽频高场强校准系统设计

针对军用装备宽频段、高场强精准场强测试系统校准的迫切需求,选用TEM小室法构建了宽频高场强校准系统。首先,采用理论计算和CST软件仿真相结合的方法对TEM小室的尺寸、特性阻抗、电压驻波比、场分布进行了优化设计和修正,解决了TEM小室结构尺寸精确计算、阻抗匹配,芯板及支撑结构设计等关键技术;然后,对系统全频段内的各项性能指标进行了验证。测试结果表明:系统指标优良、稳定,具有宽频段、高场强的特点。     

金属体在海水中运动产生的感应电场建模

分析了金属体在海水中运动产生感应电场的机理。采用镜像法推导了水下垂直和水平直流电流元在海水中的电场表达式,进一步导出了海水中运动金属体切割地磁场而在海水中产生的感应电场数学模型,并计算分析了运动金属体的感应电场大小及空间分布。仿真计算结果表明,20m长的金属椭球体,以4m/s的航速在水下10m航行时,在水下30m左右感应电场的量级为nV/m,并且该电场在空间分布上有明显的特征。     

入射频率对高功率微波与等离子体相互作用的影响分析

通过建立等离子体中的波动方程、电子传递方程和重物质传递方程,研究了等离子体对高功率微波传输特性的影响。研究了高功率微波与等离子体相互作用中产生的电子密度和透射电场的变化过程,并重点分析了变化过程中入射波频率产生的影响。研究结果表明,在相互作用过程中,等离子体中的电子密度和透射电场在一定条件下会发生阶跃变化,即等离子体区域平均电子数密度会在极短的时间内由1×10~9m~(-3)增加到1×10~(19)m~(-3),平均电场强度也会由初始场强跃变为零,并且这种变化的产生存在一定的入射阈值场强和最低产生时间。当入射电磁波的频率不同时,产生阶跃变化所需的场强阈值和最低产生时间就会变得不同,高功率微波与等离子体相互作用中存在一定的色散效应。在所考虑的范围内,阈值场强随入射波频率线性增长,而最低产生时间随电磁波频率呈非线性增长变化。     

浅海中船舶轴频电场建模方法

为了对浅海环境中的船舶轴频电场进行建模,以基本模拟单元——水平时谐电偶极子为例,根据惟一性原理结合边界条件求解赫兹矢量势。通过电磁场与赫兹矢量势的关系式,推导了其在浅海环境下在海水中产生的电磁场的计算公式。对水平直流电偶极子在三层介质下的电磁场分布进行了求解,对其在海水中产生电场的空间分布特性及通过特性进行了分析。在实验室中模拟浅海海洋环境和水平时谐电偶极子,将水平时谐电偶极子和直流电偶极子在轴频段的电场分布仿真结果与实际测量结果做对比。结果表明,时谐电偶极子实际电场分布与理论计算结果一致,证明了推导过程和所得解析表达式的正确性;水平直流电偶极子在对轴频电场的信号包络中进行求解时建模精度高,可替代水平时谐电偶极子的计算模型,且具有更高的工程实用性。     

Ablation characteristics of insulator under high-temperature gas dual-pulse erosion

This study numerically simulated and investigated the flow field characteristics of a typical dual-pulse solid rocket motor with a soft pulse separation device through thermal insulation ablation under high-temperature dual-pulse erosion. The ablation rate of ethylene -propylene-diene monomer (EPDM) insulator was measured after the experiment. Experimental results were analyzed through scanning electron microscopy and microcomputed tomography. The ablation mechanism of the EPDM insulator under the operation conditions of a dual-pulse solid rocket motor was evaluated by analyzing the results. The results reveal that the internal flow field of the motor with a soft pulse separation device is uniform. The original charred layer existing on the EPDM insulator surface in the first pulse combustor is the decisive factor affecting the final ablation rate of the dual-pulse motor during the second pulse operation, and the ablation characteristic region is easily formed with the exfoliation of the charred layer. The ablation rate difference of the insulator increases with gas velocity.     

Experimental Investigation on Ablation Characteristic of EPDM Insulator in Different Gas Environments

Some ablation experiments of Ethylene-Propylene-Diene Monomer(EPDM)insulator were carried out in quasi-static low temperature gas environment,gas-phase environment,two-phase environment with Al2O3 grain and high concentration Al2O3 grain gas environments.Their charring ablation rate,thickness,surface morphology and main ingredient of the charring layer were analyzed.The experiment results show that the main influent factors for the charring ablation rate are the gas temperature,grain concentration and state of grain impact;the main influent factors for the charring layer thickness are the gas velocity and environment pressure;and the process of SiO2 migrating in the charring layer occur commonly in different gas environments.They provide a foundation for the ablation mechanism research and modeling of EPDM insulator.     

热真空条件下工作的电气电缆载流量计算与试验

高空制导飞行器从母舱释放后,制导舱与仪器舱之间部分电气电缆处于热真空条件下工作。对此种特定条件下的电缆进行了载流量计算。理论计算表明,给定的电缆设计满足在热真空条件下正常工作要求。最后简略介绍了载流量试验。     

强流真空二极管材料放气特性研究

高功率微波技术的实用化进程要求强流真空二极管缩短抽气准备时间并保持较高的真空度水平.材料出气是高真空状态下二极管腔体内的主要气源,直接制约着抽气和保真空时间.针对一种陶瓷真空界面、黄铜和硬铝为阴极和阳极外壳的氟橡胶压封二极管,利用真空设计软件VacTran建立了抽气模型,模拟了管道流导对有效抽速的影响以及真空室主要材料出气率和抽气曲线;实际比较了常温和烘烤状态下二极管材料的出气特性:以60h作为总的出气时间,200℃烘烤8h的出气量超过了总出气量的65%;真空室气压在没有吸气泵作用下维持10-2Pa水平的时间相比未烘烤时提高了约1.5倍.烘烤对缩短加速器真空系统准备时间、提高器件真空度水平具有明显效果.     

磁化等离子体对电磁波反射系数的计算分析

为了从理论上分析磁化等离子体对飞行器隐身的机理,采用等效输入阻抗方法计算金属平板前非均匀磁化等离子体层对垂直入射电磁波的功率反射系数,结果表明:电子数密度大小、入射波频率、等离子体碰撞频率和外磁场是功率反射系数的主要影响因素.电子数密度、等离子体碰撞频率取值必须合适,外加磁场才能明显降低等离子体对入射电磁波的功率反射系数.     

针-板电极电晕辐射仿真研究

电晕放电是静电放电的一种特殊形式。在分析电晕放电特性的基础上,对针-板电极系统高压电晕辐射场方向特性进行了仿真研究。通过实验与仿真得出:针-板电极系统高压电晕辐射场频谱范围大约为10~200MHz,能量主要集中在80 MHz以下。80 MHz以下辐射场方向图与偶极子天线的辐射方向图相似,低于100 MHz的辐射主要在针电极一侧,而高于100 MHz以上的辐射场方向图极为复杂,其主要辐射在板电极的后方。电晕放电辐射场的空间分布与放电电压、电极的形状以及电晕的发展过程等因素有关,对于电晕放电的不同发展阶段,其辐射场的频域范围也不同。     

微机测控高压无功功率自动补偿系统

本文介绍了一种由单片微型计算机、高压电力电容器和控制装置组成新的高压无功确率自动补偿系统。该系统采用离散傅里叶变换法解决了电流含大量高次谐波情况下功率因数的检测问题,采用非线性控制技术解决了自动补偿的控制精度问题,因而具有功率因数检测准确、控制精度高、高压真空开关的使用寿命高的特点经实践证明该系统性能优良,工作稳定可靠,节能效果和经济效益显著。     

Rebel politics and the state: between conflict and post-conflict,resistance and co-existence

Abstract

An important factor shaping the rebel-to-political transition of armed movements in post-conflict settings pertains to the political identity these groups develop in wartime. This political identity is itself a multi-dimensional concept shaped not only by the political ideology, practices and institutions established by the rebel organisation, but also by the relationship with the state and its political institutions. Far from functioning in a vacuum or isolated, rebel groups, especially when operating as alternative providers of governance, build multi-layered networks of relations with the state, the pre-existing traditional society institutions as well as with other domestic and international political actors. The study focuses specifically on two complex armed groups, Hezbollah and Hamas, relying on primary sources as well as in-depth fieldwork on these groups’ socio-political institution (In this case field work refers to both in-depth direct observation of the groups’ social networks and political infrastructures as well direct interviews and meetings with key stakeholders involved in the administration of those activities. The time-frame for the field work spans between 2008 and 2013). The research tracks their multiple interactions with the state through grassroots activism, institutional politics and governance. Despite their considerable differences, at their cores, both organisations operate in a liminal space between open war and fragile post-conflict setting; between grassroots activism and institutional politics; between armed resistance and political accommodation; and between competition and cooperation with the state. As such, they represent useful starting points to begin deconstructing and problematising existing dichotomies still prevalent in studying both rebel governance and rebel-to-political transitions, including the binary state-non-state opposition. In doing so, the analysis highlights the importance of taking into account the often hybrid and multi-layered political legacies adopted by armed groups during wartime and their impact in shaping their political trajectories as well as the potential roles for these groups in post-conflict settings.     

合成双射流冲击平板流场结构与模态分解分析

为揭示合成双射流冲击平板流场结构特征,通过大涡模拟方法对合成双射流冲击平板流动进行了仿真,采用有限时间Lyapunov指数方法对流场的拉格朗日涡结构进行了识别,并与欧拉框架下的速度矢量和涡量结果进行了对比分析。结果表明,在合成双射流两股射流交替作用下,射流核心区涡系结构较为复杂且涡量丰富,远离核心区存在一对稳定的涡结构,且拉格朗日涡结构与涡量对应较好,为合成双射流冲击冷却的布局设计提供了指导。另外,流场本征正交分解表明,第一阶模态关于激励器出口中心轴线大致对称,其能量占总体能量的35%,前6阶模态的能量占80%;根据前6阶模态所反映的流场特性,合成双射流冲击平板流场具有高度的对称性。     

Tackling Puzzles of Identity-Based Conflict: The Promise of Framing Theory

This article assesses explanations of identity-based violence, evaluating in particular framing theory's strengths. It argues that framing specifies some of the key mechanisms and processes between factors too often studied in vacuum: the purposefulness of human beings, social structures, as well as environmental factors and opportunities. Framing therefore suggests answers to the main puzzles in conflict studies and enjoys a broader explanatory reach than existing perspectives because it coherently integrates existing theoretical insights, as well as takes us beyond them.