基于FOCUSS改进算法的DOA估计方法

传统的DOA估计方法不能有效分辨相干源目标;稀疏重构方法能够处理相干源的DOA估计问题,但现有稀疏重构方法大都是针对无噪声或仅存在观测噪声系统提出的,估计性能有待提高。对于同时存在观测噪声和模型噪声的多观测量模型,提出了一种基于FOCUSS稀疏重构的改进算法,可鲁棒地处理相干源、非相干源的DOA估计问题,有效提高分辨力和估计精度等估计性能。给出了DOA估计的稀疏信号模型以及新算法的推导过程,仿真实验证明了新算法在与其他算法对比时的优越性。     

一种强干扰环境下的相干弱目标DOA估计算法

提出了一种强干扰环境下相干弱信号的DOA估计算法。该算法通过修正的Toeplitz矩阵实现了对相干弱信号的解相干,然后将强干扰信号对应的特征矢量从信号子空间中剔除,最后利用MUSIC算法对弱信号进行DOA估计。所提算法不需要预知强干扰信号方位信息,对非平稳噪声有较好的抑制性能。此外,相对JJM算法,该算法具有更高的估计精度和正确概率,对强干扰信源具有更好的抑制性能。     

基于FOCUSS二次加权的DOA估计方法

针对■-SVD、FOCUSS等稀疏重构算法应用波达方向(DOA)估计时,存在或运算量大、或精度不高的问题,提出了一种基于FOCUSS二次加权的信号DOA估计方法。将传统DOA估计表述为稀疏表示的信号模型,通过贝叶斯理论推导目标函数的最优解及加权矩阵,并在迭代过程中对结果进行二次加权优化,进一步增强恢复结果的稀疏性,提高恢复性能。仿真实验证明了该方法的优越性:与其他稀疏重构方法相比,该方法恢复精度高、稳健性好、运算量低。     

基于四阶累积量阵列扩展的稀疏分解方法

提出了一种基于四阶累积量稀疏表示的估计方法,解决信号数多于阵元数时的DOA估计问题。该方法首先构造了包含所有DOA信息的最小冗余矢量,利用扩展阵列的最小冗余导向矢量构造完备字典减小完备字典的复杂度;然后利用L1范数作为稀疏约束条件建立稀疏模型进行DOA估计。理论分析和仿真实验,验证了该方法能够估计出的信号个数大于阵元数目,可直接应用于相干信号,比MUSIC-like算法具有更好的性能。     

基于空间差分平滑的非相关与相干信源数估计

针对非相关信源与相干信源共存时信源数估计问题,提出了一种新的基于空间差分平滑的信源数估计算法。该算法首先利用SORTE法估计相互独立信源个数,结合非相关信源阵列导向矢量与噪声子空间正交关系特性,实现非相关信源数估计;其次基于空间差分法消除非相关信号并构造新矩阵,利用构造矩阵进行前向空间平滑,实现对相干信源解相干;最后利用SORTE法得到相干信源数估计。仿真实验结果验证了该算法的有效性。     

基于垂直阵列的相干信源二维测向新方法

针对远场窄带相干信源的二维DOA估计问题,提出了一种基于垂直阵列的解相干算法,利用垂直阵列模型特性,在3个线性子阵列进行分维处理运算。在每一个维度,运用空域平滑算法构建数据协方差矩阵实现解相干,并结合ESPRIT算法分别估计信源与各线阵的夹角,利用其中一个角度来组合其他两个角度,实现参数配对。仿真实验结果显示,相较于空域平滑DOA矩阵法,算法的稳定性、估计精度都较高,适用于低信噪比和短快拍情况。     

基于Toeplitz矩阵重构的嵌套阵DOA估计算法

针对DOA估计中可测信源数目不足的问题,提出了一种基于Toeplitz矩阵重构的嵌套阵DOA估计算法。首先设计二级嵌套阵,通过对阵列接受信号进行积处理,将阵列扩展为虚拟均匀线阵,然后利用处理后的信号重构Toeplitz矩阵,通过特征值分解,结合MUSIC算法在阵元数目小于信源数目条件下实现了高精度DOA估计。算法增加了阵列孔径,提高了阵列自由度。而且在低信噪比和小快拍下情况下也具有较好的性能。仿真结果证明了算法的有效性。     

导向矢量正交分解的离格信号DOA估计

当存在离格信号时,网格失配将导致基于压缩感知理论的DOA估计算法估计性能严重下降。为解决这个问题,在对接收数据协方差矩阵进行KR积变换的基础上,提出了一种基于压缩感知理论下的导向矢量正交分解的离格信号DOA估计算法。算法利用信号导向矢量与其一阶导函数矢量间的正交性构建了新的离格信号导向矢量模型,并基于最小二乘法对离格信号的网格偏离量进行估计。在构建稀疏重建模型时,采用ILSSE方法精确估计噪声协方差矩阵,提高了稀疏重建的精度。仿真结果表明,所提算法在不同信噪比和不同的网格间距下对离格信号DOA都有较好的估计精度。     

空间非平稳高斯噪声背景下混合信号的DOA估计

针对空间非平稳高斯噪声背景下混合信号的DOA估计问题,提出了基于四阶累积量对混合波源的DOA估计算法。该算法首先构造四阶累积量矩阵,利用类似ESPR IT方法估计出所有非相关信源的DOA,然后对四阶累积量进行修正空间差分平滑去相干,消除非相关源和空间非平稳高斯噪声的影响,从而实现了对相干源的DOA估计。此方法通过分别估计非相关和相关或者相干信号的DOA,能够以较少的阵元实现对多个信号DOA估计,最后仿真实验也验证该算法的有效性。     

一种新的特征矢量稀疏重构的DOA估计方法

针对已有的基于特征矢量稀疏重构的DOA估计方法中需要选取平衡残差项与结果稀疏性的正则化参数的问题,提出了一种新的特征矢量稀疏重构求解方法。首先在有限快拍数条件下,由特征矢量估计误差的统计分布特性,得到残差项大置信度的置信区间;再以此置信区间作为约束条件,以解矢量的l1范数作为最小化的目标函数,由此利用二阶锥规化求解时避免了正则化参数的选取。理论分析与仿真实验表明本文算法计算复杂度低;能够对非相干及相干信号的DOA进行估计,且具备很好的解相干性能;低信噪比条件下,对DOA的估计误差随着采样快拍数的增大而减小。     

Terrorism,insurgency, kidnapping,and security in Africa's energy sector

Energy continues to serve as the bedrock of modern economies and the main driver of modern society. For Africa, the production and supply of energy resources such as crude oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, biomass, biofuels and other renewables are an important source of employment, rents, taxes, royalties and profits. This sector brings in several tens of billions of dollars of revenue annually. The production and delivery of such resources, however, depend on critical infrastructures such as pipelines, refineries, processing plants, terminals, rigs, electrical energy pylons, substations, pump stations, vessels, and tankers. These infrastructures have been attacked by terrorists, insurgents, vandals and saboteurs, all of whom see them as targets against which to register their grievances and extract concessions from the state. This paper is a chronological account of some of the documented incidents of terrorism, insurgency, kidnapping, destruction, sabotage, and human casualties suffered in the oil and gas sectors in Africa between 1999 and 2012. It is based on data extracted from the databases of the RAND Database of World Terrorism Incidents and the University of Maryland's Global Terrorism Database (GTD).     

Helping hands: civil–military cooperation and Italy's military operation abroad

In the Post-Bipolar Era the growing complexity of the military operations requires a new approach for the resolution of international crises. Since the end of the Cold War, peace support operations (PSO) have become the mainstay and principal occupation of most Western armies. At the same time, Italy has been one of the most important actors in such an area. The article focuses on the cooperation between military and civil components (a process called CIMIC) as a key variable in the Italian PSOs. We will analyse in detail the main lessons learned from past military interventions as well as the general context in which new tendencies are taking place. The maintaining of a minimum security frame becomes essential to fulfil activities ‘collateral’ to the mission: reconstructing services and infrastructure, food distribution, water and medication, law and order, de-mining, training of local forces, and supporting local institutions. These are the main tasks to obtain thrust and support from the population.     

Tacit support for terrorism: The rapprochement between the USSR and Palestinian guerrilla organizations following the 1967 war

This article demonstrates the inconsistent and wavering Soviet attitude towards national liberation movements in general and the Palestinian organizations in particular. Until the late 1960s, the Soviets viewed these organizations with suspicion, hesitating to engage in political dialogue with them. However, in the 1970s, political and military events in the region, as well as modifications in the Kremlin's Cold War strategies, led to a general shift towards the Middle East in Soviet foreign policy. Soviet leaders showed increased willingness to provide certain Palestinian organizations with arms with which to conduct terrorist activities against Israeli, pro-Israeli, Jewish and Western targets. The article explores the complex relations between Palestinian organizations and the USSR in the field of international terror. The study also exposes and analyzes the nature and content of Soviet–Palestinian arms dialogues and transactions. It provides clear evidence that Soviet policymakers and other luminaries were fully informed of, and sometimes directly involved in, these transactions and dialogues at the highest levels.     

A1 Qaeda and the radical Islamic challenge to western strategy

The September 11 global crisis prompted by the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon raises major questions concerning the nature and trajectory of terrorism in the post-Cold War global order. Hitherto, terrorism has been largely debated by analysts at the level of nation states. Terrorist and insurgent movements have also been largely anchored in nationalist and ethnic power bases even when they have sought to mobilise a transnational ideological appeal on religious or class grounds. There have been a few exceptions to this pattern such as the alliance between the German Baader-Meinhof group and the Japanese Red Army Faction, but even such international alliances as this did not, until at least the 1980s, presage anything like a global terrorist network necessitating a global strategic response. This study examines terrorism and global strategic responses.     

Helping hands: external support for the KNU insurgency in Burma

This article analyses to what extent the Burmese KNU insurgency made use of external support from states, refugees, and diasporas. Based on extensive fieldwork it is concluded that support from neighbouring states and refugees has for years kept the Karen rebellion alive. Western countries perceived forms of resistance to the illegitimate Burmese regime as just and have therefore played a crucial role in the continuation of conflict in Karen State. It is important that policymakers and donors as well as executing organizations continue to reflect critically on the way they exercise their work.     

基于GTST-DMLD-ESD的装备RMS建模仿真

装备的RMS是装备的重要设计参数,是影响战备完好和保障能力的关键因素.引入GTST-DMLD作为主要建模工具,建立起装备系统的RMS描述模型,以ESD为补充和扩展,对维修过程进行建模.并以GTST-DMLD-ESD模型作为装备RMS仿真的核心,对装备RMS仿真模型的总体框架进行了研究,并对各模块进行了较为详细的探讨.     

Cyber sheiks and grassroots jihadis: the war in Syria and the devolution of the Bosnian Salafi communities

ABSTRACT

What was the scope of the Bosnian jihadi participation in the war in Syria? Did the Bosnian volunteers tend to join one particular faction? Why did the Bosnian youngsters decide to join the holy war in the Levant? Was this an organized and hierarchical process or was this a grassroots movement? Last, were all the Salafis in Bosnia supportive of this dynamic or did this process cause internal frictions? These are some of the questions that this research will try to answer.     

Country survey XVI the defence sector in the economy of a declining superpower: Soviet Union and Russia, 1965-2001

The Soviet Union was able to develop a large military-industrial complex and become the world's second superpower despite deficiencies in its centrally planned economy because defence was given high priority status and special planning, rationing and administrative mechanisms were used to attain national security objectives. However, in the period 1976-85 the effectiveness of priority protection diminished and defence institutions experienced more of the problems typical of the shortage economic system. The heavy defence burden also created growing difficulties for the civilian economy. The attempts by the Gorbachev government to reform the defence sector and improve defence-economic relationships during perestroika (1985-91) uniformly failed. For most of the transition period, the Russian military-industrial complex has been adversely affected by its low priority status, cuts in defence spending, instability of the hybrid politico-economic system, and negative growth of the economy. The armed forces and defence industry have been reduced in size and their outputs of military services and equipment have fallen to low levels. Nevertheless, the Russian armed forces still have over one million troops, significant stocks of sophisticated conventional weapons, and a large nuclear arsenal. The government of President Putin has raised the priority of the defence sector, increased real defence spending, and adopted ambitious plans to revive Russian military power. It is likely, though, that tight resource constraints will hamper efforts to reform the armed forces and to upgrade weapons. By 2010 Russia will be an important, but not dominant, military power in Eurasia.     

Traffickers,terrorists, and a ‘new security challenge’: Russian counternarcotics strategy and the Federal Service for the Control of the Drugs Trade

The collapse of the Soviet Union precipitated the massive expansion of drug use and trade in Russia. The country now has one of the largest populations of injecting drug users in the world and has become the largest single-country market for Afghan heroin. In 2003 the Federal Service for the Control of the Drugs Trade was created to coordinate a comprehensive counternarcotics strategy appropriate to the scale of this threat. The service continues to face a number of challenges in its early stages of development. However, it has made considerable advances in improving responses to large-scale organised crime and in building international cooperation.