一种基于隐马尔科夫模型的雷达辐射源识别算法

针对现代雷达采用复杂的PRI样式不能对其进行准确识别的问题,提出一种基于隐马尔科夫模型的复杂体制雷达辐射源识别算法。该算法将具有复杂PRI样式辐射源识别问题转化为对具有分类特征的码序列的识别问题,通过运用符号动力学中符号时间序列分析(symbolic time series analysis)理论,将上述码序列识别问题建模为隐马尔科夫模型予以解决,实现了对具有PRI抖动、伪随机编码等复杂PRI调制样式雷达辐射源的准确识别。仿真结果证明算法在PRI值有部分重叠的情况下仍具有很好的识别能力。     

一种新的重频调制类型自动化识别方法

针对雷达重频调制类型模式识别中存在的问题,提出了一种可以自动化识别PRI调制类型的算法,易于工程化实现。该算法通过对脉冲序列提取特征向量完成调制类型的识别,并给出特征参数的描述。实验仿真和实际应用均表明该方法正确识别率高,可有效地识别PRI调制类型并输出特征参数。     

基于RBF-CBR技术的相控阵雷达识别方法

现有雷达识别技术对相控阵雷达的波束捷变、信号形式复杂等特点并不适应,造成识别率低、漏识别严重等问题。为此,讨论了脉内调制类型和点扫描特性参与分类识别的策略;设计了基于案例推理的相控阵雷达识别方法;提出了基于径向基函数案例索引方式的RBF-CBR识别模型。通过对比实验,验证了该模型具有良好的推理识别能力和较高的处理问题效率,为相控阵雷达识别提供了一个新的思路。     

一种基于关联脉冲对的动态直方图分选算法

针对现有分选算法在复杂电磁环境下准确性与效率降低的问题,提出了一种基于关联脉冲对的动态直方图分选方法。该方法首先对到达时间差进行固定箱长统计,将高于检测门限的相邻箱进行合并,得到动态直方图统计结果,估计出潜在PRI(pulse repetition interval)。对潜在PRI对应的关联脉冲对进行分析,剔除虚假PRI并估计出真实PRI的抖动量。最后,再依据PRI参数完成脉冲序列搜索,实现对雷达信号的分选。仿真实验表明,该方法在较低的到达时间差级数条件下,对多部复杂PRI调制信号的分选准确率达到95%,能够对复杂电磁环境下的雷达信号进行有效分选。     

基于TOA差值矩阵的雷达脉冲序列PRI识别方法

针对雷达脉冲序列的主要特点,利用TOA(脉冲到达时间)差值矩阵探索PRI(脉冲重复间隔)的识别问题.设计了一种新方法,首先由TOA序列求出TOA差值矩阵,再求出TOA差值矩阵的逆矩阵,分析TOA差值矩阵逆矩阵的特殊结构,得到PRI的识别结果.通过研究重频固定、脉冲丢失和重频参差三种情况下的PRI识别问题,说明了该方法用于雷达脉冲序列PRI识别的可行性.     

对相控阵雷达工作模式的资源调度研究

基于对相控阵雷达资源调度问题,针对相控阵雷达不同工作模式的资源分配进行了研究,并通过定量分析,得出了相控阵雷达对不同工作模式资源调度的差异。分析了对不同模式资源分配的变化情况,为下一步对相控阵雷达工作模式的识别提供了支撑与指导。     

随机PRI雷达的多普勒频率特性及相参处理

针对随机PRI雷达目标回波信号的脉冲多普勒频率特性,首先对随机PRI雷达非均匀采样频谱的周期性进行了分析,然后重点推导了随机PRI雷达最大不模糊频率的数学表达式;并进一步就该多普勒频率特性对随机PRI雷达相参处理带来的影响进行了讨论;最后,针对随机PRI雷达的相参处理问题,提出了一种基于IAA算法的随机PRI雷达MTD处理方法,该方法具有无多普勒模糊、低副瓣泄漏的特点。仿真实验验证了关于随机PRI雷达多普勒频率特性分析的正确性和基于IAA算法的随机PRI雷达MTD处理方法的有效性。     

基于改进扩展关联法的雷达辐射源信号分选算法

针对传统扩展关联分选法在分选时效率低、对复杂调制PRI信号分选性能差的问题,提出了一种基于扩展关联分选的改进算法。基于脉冲位置相关性建立对应三维向量矩阵,提高提取准PRI的准确性,同时提出"分步逐级"的策略,从而确保复杂调制PRI信号的分选性能。仿真结果表明该算法具有可行性,分选性能相较于传统基于PRI分选的方法有很大的提高。     

脉冲幅度特性分析的相控阵雷达识别技术

为有效识别相控阵雷达,提出了一种基于截获脉冲幅度特性分析的识别方法。该方法根据相控阵雷达与常规机械扫描雷达的扫描方式存在很大差异的特点,建立侦察设备截获脉冲的幅度模型,并通过仿真得到不同体制雷达被截获的脉冲幅度特性。然后求得不同体制雷达被截获的脉冲序列幅度特性与正弦序列幅度特性的相似系数,以此为依据来识别相控阵雷达。最后,通过比较实验证明了该方法的有效性。     

PRI周期性调制信号的TOA中点匹配分选算法

针对传统的雷达信号分选算法在当前高密度信号环境下进行分选时,存在实时性差、分选精度低、甚至无法分选的问题,提出了针对脉冲重复周期(PRI)周期性调制的分选算法。该算法首先在脉冲序列中点附近任意选取一点作为中心点,利用TOA中点匹配法依次比较并匹配左右两侧相邻脉冲间隔,从而提取出PRI值,然后经过PRI类型检测按照不同类别对脉冲进行提取。仿真结果表明,依据TOA中点匹配法分选PRI周期性调制信号的平均准确率在95%以上,平均漏选率低于7%,并且具备一定的抗噪和抗脉冲丢失能力。     

An Unlikely Alliance: Portuguese and South African Airpower in Angola, 1968–1974

The war that Portugal was obliged to fight in Africa began in 1961 and immediately stretched the resources of its armed forces. Nowhere was this thinness more apparent than in policing the vast territory of Angola. The east and southeast of Angola were particularly vulnerable, as the area was a vast, sparsely populated region characterised by enormous featureless plains or chanas covered in tall grass and broken by an extensive river system and mountainous forests. The only military solution to policing these immense spaces was aviation and specifically the helicopter that could carry troops into battle, protect them with a gunship and bring them home when the operation was concluded. The immediate problem for the Portuguese Air Force (Força Aérea Portuguesa or FAP) in Angola and elsewhere was a scarcity of helicopters. The solution was an alliance with South Africa, which had a strong inventory of Alouette IIIs, to help in policing the east. This move was likewise in the interest of South Africa, as its threat came from Zambia through south-eastern Angola. This article examines the strategic and tactical development of this unusual, cross-cultural alliance and the symbiotic relationship that resulted in destruction of the enemies of both in Angola.     

国内外结构钢焊条研究的现状与发展

本文主要介绍了国外焊条的现状和发展趋势,包括焊条的高韧性、高效率、低尘低毒和耐吸潮性能,为国内的焊条研究提供了参考依据。     

A Sign of Victory?: ‘Scottish Swords’ and Other Weapons in the Possession of the ‘Auld Innemie’

Many late medieval documents, notably inventories of arms and armour, of Englishmen contain references to ‘Scottish swords’ and other weapons. What did the compilers of these documents mean when they described a weapon as ‘Scottish’? How did such weapons come to be in the possession of these men? This article will attempt to explain this phenomenon drawing on primary documentary sources and surviving material culture from Glasgow Museums’ collections and others, as well as artworks from the period.     

Helping hands: civil–military cooperation and Italy's military operation abroad

In the Post-Bipolar Era the growing complexity of the military operations requires a new approach for the resolution of international crises. Since the end of the Cold War, peace support operations (PSO) have become the mainstay and principal occupation of most Western armies. At the same time, Italy has been one of the most important actors in such an area. The article focuses on the cooperation between military and civil components (a process called CIMIC) as a key variable in the Italian PSOs. We will analyse in detail the main lessons learned from past military interventions as well as the general context in which new tendencies are taking place. The maintaining of a minimum security frame becomes essential to fulfil activities ‘collateral’ to the mission: reconstructing services and infrastructure, food distribution, water and medication, law and order, de-mining, training of local forces, and supporting local institutions. These are the main tasks to obtain thrust and support from the population.     

Terrorism,insurgency, kidnapping,and security in Africa's energy sector

Energy continues to serve as the bedrock of modern economies and the main driver of modern society. For Africa, the production and supply of energy resources such as crude oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, biomass, biofuels and other renewables are an important source of employment, rents, taxes, royalties and profits. This sector brings in several tens of billions of dollars of revenue annually. The production and delivery of such resources, however, depend on critical infrastructures such as pipelines, refineries, processing plants, terminals, rigs, electrical energy pylons, substations, pump stations, vessels, and tankers. These infrastructures have been attacked by terrorists, insurgents, vandals and saboteurs, all of whom see them as targets against which to register their grievances and extract concessions from the state. This paper is a chronological account of some of the documented incidents of terrorism, insurgency, kidnapping, destruction, sabotage, and human casualties suffered in the oil and gas sectors in Africa between 1999 and 2012. It is based on data extracted from the databases of the RAND Database of World Terrorism Incidents and the University of Maryland's Global Terrorism Database (GTD).     

Cyberpower in Strategic Affairs: Neither Unthinkable nor Blessed

Abstract

This article explores the effect of connectivity on strategic affairs. It argues that the effect on war's character is potentially, although not yet shown in practice, considerably large. Its effect upon the distribution of power among states in the international system is small, contrary to the claims of ‘cyberwar’ alarmists. All told, however, its effect upon strategic affairs is complex. On the one hand, it represents a significant advance in the ‘complexification’ of state strategies, understood in the sense of the production of intended effects. On the other hand, strategists today – still predominantly concerned with the conflicts and confrontations of states and organised military power – are generally missing the power which non-traditional strategic actors, better adapted to the network flows of the information age, are beginning to deploy. These new forms of organization and coercion will challenge the status quo.     

Tacit support for terrorism: The rapprochement between the USSR and Palestinian guerrilla organizations following the 1967 war

This article demonstrates the inconsistent and wavering Soviet attitude towards national liberation movements in general and the Palestinian organizations in particular. Until the late 1960s, the Soviets viewed these organizations with suspicion, hesitating to engage in political dialogue with them. However, in the 1970s, political and military events in the region, as well as modifications in the Kremlin's Cold War strategies, led to a general shift towards the Middle East in Soviet foreign policy. Soviet leaders showed increased willingness to provide certain Palestinian organizations with arms with which to conduct terrorist activities against Israeli, pro-Israeli, Jewish and Western targets. The article explores the complex relations between Palestinian organizations and the USSR in the field of international terror. The study also exposes and analyzes the nature and content of Soviet–Palestinian arms dialogues and transactions. It provides clear evidence that Soviet policymakers and other luminaries were fully informed of, and sometimes directly involved in, these transactions and dialogues at the highest levels.     

A1 Qaeda and the radical Islamic challenge to western strategy

The September 11 global crisis prompted by the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon raises major questions concerning the nature and trajectory of terrorism in the post-Cold War global order. Hitherto, terrorism has been largely debated by analysts at the level of nation states. Terrorist and insurgent movements have also been largely anchored in nationalist and ethnic power bases even when they have sought to mobilise a transnational ideological appeal on religious or class grounds. There have been a few exceptions to this pattern such as the alliance between the German Baader-Meinhof group and the Japanese Red Army Faction, but even such international alliances as this did not, until at least the 1980s, presage anything like a global terrorist network necessitating a global strategic response. This study examines terrorism and global strategic responses.