军事侦察与刑事侦察浅析

当前学术界对军事侦察与刑事侦察的概念界定尚存争议。军事侦察权是部队与生俱来的一种权力,正是因为它与部队相伴而生,熟悉军事侦察的内容,理解军事侦察概念、属性并为其准确定位尤为重要。它直接影响着军事侦察权的行使。同时,准确把握军事侦察与刑事侦察的区别和联系,对部队正确执行任务和依法履行职责也具有重要的理论和实践意义。     

人工智能技术的军事应用边界研究

与国际上其他军事强国相比,我国军事智能化发展还处于起步和探索阶段。当前军事智能化发展呈现出技术增长点随机发散与关键技术领域不聚焦等特征,阻碍了人工智能技术在军事领域的应用。人工智能技术在军事应用中应本着"有所为有所不为"的原则。为了增强对"为军所用"人工智能核心技术的评价能力,推动高需求匹配度的核心技术发展,本文对军事智能化的边界问题进行了探索研究,通过将军事智能"五性"与现有武器装备"六性"和作战试验与鉴定相结合,并基于"封闭性"准则,提出了将"军事智能化"这一开放性问题进行边界收敛,以促进军事智能技术创新发展呈现收敛状态并逐步形成有序的体系。     

Another manifestation of cyber conflict: attaining military objectives through cyber avenues of approach

Cyberspace is an avenue of approach through which a military force can attain objectives of value. Through these cyber avenues of approach, military forces can engage, vet, organize, and direct human agents to accomplish specific activities. Although the objectives of these activities could differ from traditional military objectives, they still have military relevance. This particular manifestation of cyber conflict is neither a new domain of war nor something outside of warfare. Rather, it can be viewed as an emerging avenue of approach in the larger context of military operations, auguring benefits in the integration of cyber activities with operations.     

军事指挥类期刊对军事学术研究的透视

军事指挥类期刊主要依靠各级军事指挥员,服务于部队全面建设。在军事学术研究队伍不断发展壮大的今天,军事指挥类期刊为部队“能打仗、打胜仗”军事理论研究服务,但军事学术研究存在着研究群体优势和合成作战理论优势发挥不够的问题。因而,要高度重视军事学术研究人才培养,加大经费投入,强化军兵种之间合成作战理论研究的力度。     

我国军事权的宪法规制

在我国,军事权是国家权力体系中一项独立的权力,它是中央军事委员会及其所属各级军事机关依照宪法授权而享有的对武装力量进行统率和管理的一切支配力的总和。我国历史上出现过的十几部宪法或宪法性文件均对其作出了规定。现行的＂八二宪法＂更是对军事权的权力来源、权力主体、权力范围、权力结构、启动程序和行使结果进行了较为完善的规制。在这些宪法规制的框架下,我们寻求着军事权的＂增强＂与＂节制＂这对二律背反的精妙平衡。     

Civil—military relations in Africa: Navigating uncharted waters

“Perception is a second reality!”

This essay discusses the military as a part of wider society and the interactions between the two. It argues that civil—military relations are complex and not always harmonious. In its focus on Africa, the essay describes some differences in the development of African militaries and civil—military relations on the continent as compared with the West, but argues that the differences are merely a matter of degree. As civil—military relations on the continent have been strongly influenced by its colonial history, which caused fear and even dislike of the colonial military, it still impacts on these relations in the post-colonial era. After examining the relationship between the armed forces, democracy and politics in the politically turbulent African environment, it is concluded that a simplistic definition of civil—military relations is difficult to arrive at. The essay identifies the key principles of democratic civil—military relations and, although admitting that these principles are not always easy to adhere to, argues that as Africa develops civil—military relations, African militaries have moved and will move closer to observing these principles. To enhance this process it is essential for African militaries to include civic education programmes at all levels of education and training in order to gain a better understanding of and commitment to these principles.     

Is Russia a revisionist military power in the Arctic?

In contrast with a widespread perception of Russia as an expansionist power in the Arctic, this article argues that Moscow does not seek military superiority in the region. Rather, Moscow's military strategies in the Arctic pursue three major goals: first, to demonstrate and ascertain Russia's sovereignty over its exclusive economic zone and continental shelf in the region; second, to protect its economic interests in the High North; and third, to demonstrate that Russia retains its great power status and still has world-class military capabilities. The Russian military modernization programs are quite modest and aim at upgrading the Russian armed forces in the High North rather than providing them with additional offensive capabilities or provoking a regional arms race. The Russian ambitions in the Arctic may be high, but they are not necessarily implying the intentions and proper capabilities to confront other regional players by military means. On the contrary, Moscow opts for soft rather than hard power strategy in the Arctic.     

功能性军事体能训练与心理训练结合运用探索——以新兵体能训练为例

在军队改革的大环境下，军事训练从难从严向实战化聚焦将成为日常训练的常态，而体能训练就是其中最为基础和重要的训练。但是，现阶段的军事体能训练仍然存在着训练理论不系统、训练方法不科学、相关心理指导和心理训练缺乏等弱点，从而造成体能训练成绩提升缓慢、训练损伤居高不下的问题。本文运用功能性军事体能训练和心理训练相结合的方法，从新兵体能训练着手，对其进行身心干预，旨在增强心理适应能力、提高训练成绩、减少训练损伤，为提高部队实战化训练水平打下基础。     

重在践行科学发展的考试观

目前,军校考试改革状况仍不尽人意,呈现种种弊端。科学发展的考试观为推进军校考试改革指明了方向,提供了原则和方法。有关部门应在科学发展考试观的宣传工作上狠下功夫,着力抓好科学发展考试观的践行活动。以军事新闻写作“手抄报”考试法为例,对践行科学发展的考试观做了分析和探索。     

The macuahuitl: an innovative weapon of the Late Post-Classic in Mesoamerica

Abstract

This study is intended to shed some light on a number of issues relating to the famous Aztec weapon called the macuahuitl. This well-known artefact still presents many problems of interpretation, resulting in a polemic that still rages regarding its origin, spatial-temporal distribution and its real role in Mesoamerican cultural development. The subject of warfare in Mesoamerica is still one of the main areas of investigation for many researchers. However, it is common for researchers to analyze the military phenomenon from a completely symbolic standpoint and overlook the practical aspects such as military tactics, weapons systems and battlefield successes. It is against this background that I have developed a programme of investigation that I have called the Research Programme into Military Equipment in Mesoamerica, which considers the phenomenon of war throughout Mesoamerica from various perspectives. I have initially focused this programme on weapons systems among the Mexicas as they relate to the battlefield.     

Are the Baltic States and NATO on the right path in deterring Russia in the Baltic?

ABSTRACT

The aim of the current study is to discuss which particular factors Russia considers as sufficient deterrent capabilities and whether the national defence models implemented in the Baltic countries have the potential to deter Russia's military planners and political leadership. Whilst the existing conventional reserves of NATO are sizeable, secure, and rapid, deployment is still a critical variable in case of a conflict in the Baltic countries because of the limited range of safe transportation options. However, whilst the Baltic States are developing their capabilities according to the priorities defined by NATO in 2010; which were updated after the invasion of Crimea in 2014, Russian military planners have meanwhile redesigned both their military doctrine and military forces, learning from the experience of the Russo-Georgian war, the Russia-Ukraine conflict, and other recent confrontations. Accordingly, there is a risk that the efforts of the Baltic countries could prove rather inefficient in deterring Russia.     

Transforming the Spanish military

The article analyses the Spanish military transformation. This process started in 2004 as a means to adapt the force structure, organization and capabilities of the Spanish military to meet present and future threats in compliance with NATO’s initiatives, thus ensuring the continuity of the equipment modernization, professionalization and the adjustment of the country’s defence architecture to the post-cold war environment. A decade later, although transformation is still a priority for the Ministry of Defence, limited political will, a lack of strategic guidance, poor resource management and the effects of the economic crisis are compromising its development. This article describes the Spanish military transformation and assesses its value in adapting the country’s armed forces to the current and prospective security environment.     

A platform for initial testing of multiple camouflage patterns

The human visual system is still an important factor in military warfare; military personnel receive training on effective search strategies, and camouflage that can effectively conceal objects and personnel is a key component of a successful integrated survivability strategy. Previous methods of camouflage assessment have, amongst others, used psychophysics to generate distinctiveness metrics. However, the population from which the human observers are drawn is often not well defined, or necessarily appropriate. In this experiment we designed a new platform for testing multiple patterns based on a camouflaged object detection task, and investigate whether trained military observers perform better than civilians. We use a two-alternative forced choice paradigm, with participants searching images of woodland for a replica military helmet displaying Olive Green, Multi Terrain Pattern, US Marine Pattern or, as a conspicuous control, UN Peacekeeper Blue. Our data show that there is no difference in detection performance between the two observer groups but that there are clear differences in the effectiveness of the different helmet colour patterns in a temperate woodland environment. We conclude that when tasks involve very short stimulus presentation times, task-specific training has little effect on the success of target detection and thus this paradigm is particularly suitable for robust estimates of camouflage efficacy.     

汲取无人机发展经验指导地面无人装备发展建设

军用无人机在实战中的成功应用和陆军较高的作战伤亡比重使得陆军发展地面无人装备的愿望和需求越来越强烈,但当前军用地面无人装备还处于发展的初期阶段,仍未形成完善的作战体系。本文针对如何促进军用地面无人装备发展和建设,加快战斗力生成,提出借鉴军用无人机成熟的发展经验来指导地面无人装备发展和建设的思路,首先论述了无人作战将成为未来战争主要样式的原因,然后简要归纳了军用无人机的发展经验,最后论述了如何根据军用无人机的发展经验来指导地面无人装备发展和建设,希冀这些建议能够为军队地面无人装备的发展建设提供一定参考。     

Local defence forces and counterinsurgency in Afghanistan: learning from the CIA's Village Defense Program in South Vietnam

Some scholars would have us believe that the distinctions between military and policing roles, methods and objectives have become increasingly blurred by the security demands of a post-Cold War and post-11 September global and domestic order. This article explores the current state of the police–military divide through a conceptual and case study analysis. It concludes that, in this case, there is some conflation occurring at a macro-level as international and domestic affairs have become increasingly indistinct, but the article also demonstrates that the actual ethos and practice of these agencies still differs strongly. Most importantly, the article argues that this distinction is in fact a very useful one in planning for future peace support operations     

从孙子“将帅五德”看军校素质教育

《孙子兵法》作为我国古代兵学著作中的圭皋,其博大精深的思想内容不仅深刻揭示了战争的一般规律,而且对如何培养优秀的军事人才也有着卓越的见解,对于今天我们培养造就新型军事人才有着宝贵的借鉴作用。     

The European Union: Just an alliance or a military alliance?

Over centuries there have been different definitions and criteria for alliances. Within this, however, there are categories entitled ‘military alliances’. The article arrives at 11 different criteria for categorisation of alliances and applies them to the different facets of the European Union. It concludes that, on the broadest terms, the EU does meet the criteria for an alliance but that the jury is still out on some aspect of the European Union being a military alliance. This conclusion has consequences for the foreign, security and defence policies of several member states and, indeed, for the future of the European Union itself.     

边防部队基层警营文化建设存在的问题原因及对策

近年来，边防部队通过大力开展基层警营文化建设，取得了可喜的成绩，但整体情况仍然滞后，需从多方面分析其存在的问题及原因，才能进一步提出对策，使警营文化效能的发挥达到最佳。     

军事领域“大数据”研究

学术界对于大数据相关问题的研究,从2009年大数据之初就已经开始。目前军事领域对大数据的研究逐步深入,主要围绕大数据对军事领域的影响及挑战、大数据技术在军事领域中的应用等展开,呈现出重点突出、角度多样、不断细化等特征,但在研究的系统性和全面性上还存在一些不足,这些不足将成为进一步拓展和深化研究的重点。     

陕西省军民两用科技成果转化的SWOT分析

军民两用科技成果的转化可以促进社会资源的再分配,实现军用资源与民用资源开放共享,提高整个社会的资源利用效率,促进国防科技工业进一步发展,是国防建设和经济建设协调统一的良好举措。陕西省作为军工科技资源大省,在军民两用科技成果转化中已经取得了卓越成就,但依然存在市场潜力未被完全激发、转化效率低下和资源利用效率不高等问题。本文通过SWOT分析方法从科研院所、军工企业、民营企业、市场环境和政策指引等多个主体和维度出发,分析了陕西省在科技成果转化过程中的优劣势、拥有的机遇以及面临的挑战,在此基础上提出了符合陕西军民两用科技成果转化的一系列策略建议。