联合国维和行动与中国维和实践

维和 ,即联合国维持和平行动 ,是由联合国发起的一项旨在维护世界和平与安全的行动。近日 ,“中国维和民事警察培训中心”已在武警学院挂牌成立 ,它标志着中国维和民事警察的培训工作步入了正轨。一、联合国维持和平行动联合国维持和平行动始于 1 94 8年阿以战争后期 ,迄今已有 50年的历史 ,累计共部暑了 50项维和行动。纵观维和行动的发展历程 ,前四十年发展缓慢 ,只部署了 1 3项维和行动 ,这反映了当时东西方集团之间冷战剧烈化的状况。 80年代以后 ,随着冷战的逐渐消逝 ,旧的格局被打破 ,世界向多极化方向发展 ,民族矛盾和种族冲突再度成…     

联合国维和行动的经费与装备保障

国际多边军事外交活动和政治外交活动形式的联合国维持和平行动(以下简称“维和行动”或“维和”),近50年来,在维护世界和平与稳定方面起着功不可没的积极作用。然而,由多国军人和部队组成的维和部队在经费和装备方面的保障现状和问题,需要进一步加以认识。     

中国参加联合国维和行动的回顾与前景展望

联合国维持和平行动（United Nations Peacekeeping Operations，以下简称维和行动）已走过整整60年的历程（联合国第一个维和行动组织．是成立于1948年6月的“联合国停战监督组织”）．作为联合国安理会五大常任理事国之一的中国．为维和行动做出了不可磨灭的贡献。     

联合国维和行动50年大事记

一、联合国维和行动的产生和基本原则联合国维和行动是为了帮助维护或恢复冲突地区的和平,由联合国组织的有军事人员参与、但无强制执行权力的行动。维和行动由联合国秘书长指挥,一般由安理会授权,特殊情况下由联合国大会、特别联大或紧急特别联大授权。维和行动分为两...     

联合国维和走向何方?

联合国维和行动是国际社会保持全球安全与稳定的重要机制之一。虽然在世纪之初,时代已具有了多极化和信息化特征,但联合国的维和行动却并未“边缘化”,特别是在2001年,由于发生了“9·11”为代表的国际恐怖主义袭击事件,使联合国维合行动在减轻战争创伤、维持世界安全稳定方面发挥出更加重要的作用。截至2001年底,联合国在世界各冲突地区进行的维和行动累计已达54项,参与维和的人员近百万人。当年仍在进行的维和行动共有15项,参加联合国维持和平行动的军事人员、民事警察达4.7095万人,向联合国维和行动派出军事人员与民事警察的国家有87个,参与维和行动的文职人员也达到了1.2126万人。维和行动经费财年预算为27.4亿美元。从1948年维和行动开始至2001年12月底维和行动经费已达233亿美元。     

联合国维和行动与维和步兵营

2014年12月22日,经中央军委和习近平主席批准,中国首支维和步兵营在山东省莱阳市举行出征誓师大会,开赴南苏丹执行维和任务。联合国维和行动基本原则联合国维和行动指的是为了落实或监督落实冲突方签署的旨在控制和解决冲突的协议,或者为了确保人道主义援助的安全提供,经冲突方邀请或同意后,由联合国组织并指挥的、执行军事或其他任务的非强制性行动。自1948年开始实施以来,联合国维和行     

“有钱打仗,无钱议和”——联合国维和行动的财政来源及面临的危机

联合国秘书长安南曾不无感慨地说:“如果人类有钱打仗,无钱议和,那真是莫大的讽刺。” 20世纪前45年发生了两次世界大战,因此有人把20世纪称为“战争的世纪”。残酷的战争给人类造成了难以弥补的创伤。二次大战后,维护世界和平,建立新的国际秩序成为人们的共同愿望。这正是建立联合国的思想基础。联合国的建立,确实为世界和平与发展作出了不可磨灭的功绩,但是近10年来联合国运作是负债经营,正在艰难地执行各种维和行动,特别是去年塞拉利昂反政府武装“革命联合阵线”扣押了500多名联合国维和人员,使联合国维和行动发展趋势呈现低潮。     

浅析达尔富尔和平进程及其面临的挑战

达尔富尔危机始于2003年2月。这场危机主要是由北方的游牧民与南方的定居农民之间对生存资源的争夺而引发的国内冲突。在国际社会的斡旋下，苏丹政府已与几个反政府武装签署了和平协议，并同意部署联合国-非盟混合维和行动，达尔富尔地区的和平进程已步入正轨。由于苏丹国内的复杂形势和困难，达尔富尔地区的和平进程仍面临诸多挑战，和平与和解之路仍然漫长。     

中国是联合国维和行动的重要力量

八名中国维和警察在海地大地震中遇难，消息传来，引起了国人的极大震惊和悲痛，也引起了人们对联合国维和行动的关注。充分认识联合国维持和平行动，充分认识中国对联合国维持和平行动的贡献，做好我们的本职工作，是我们纪念八名烈士的最好方式。     

维和:中国分量越来越重

目前由联合国主导的维和行动中,我国是安理会5个常任理事国中派兵最多的国家,目前仍有1489名维和军事人员在联合国9个任务区执行维和任务。为了人类能够享受和平的天空,7月26日,又有一位中国军人的名字永远镌刻在了世界和平事业的历史丰碑上。     

Peacekeeping and civil–military relations in Uruguay

ABSTRACT

There have been over 90,000 UN peacekeepers deployed around the world to 78 peacekeeping operations (PKOs) in over 125 countries since 1948. Some scholars have made the case that these missions have had a positive impact on the relationship between the military and the civilians they work for. However, other scholars have identified a negative impact on civil military relations (CMR). This paper contributes to this debate by investigating how peacekeeping has impacted civil-military relations in Latin America's most prolific contributor to peacekeeping: Uruguay. This paper finds that PKOs in Uruguay have facilitated post-transitions attempts by civilians to build first-generation control, but not second-generation control. Further, PKOs have marginally improved military effectiveness, but we find that they do not improve societal trust in the armed forces.     

Business and peace in the Niger Delta: what we know and what we need to know

The global restructuring of state–society relationships driven by neoliberal logic has not only allowed for the taming of the ‘state’, which has paradoxically accentuated its inadequacies, but has also facilitated, for better or for worse, the emergence of business – especially transnational corporations – as a major political force in global governance. Consequently, while the issues of peace and conflict have traditionally been the concern of governments, businesses are now increasingly being expected to make peace and conflict their concern. However, despite claims and counterclaims that businesses can be moneymakers and peacemakers, analyses of the relationship between business and peace remain largely embryonic. This paper seeks to contribute to this emerging business and peace debate by drawing on insights from the Niger Delta conflict to ascertain what we know and what we need to know if businesses are to become peacemakers in conflict zones in Africa.     

‘Fighting for peace’

In Africa, most of the present conflicts are civil, intra-state wars where belligerent groups use guerrilla tactics to achieve various political, economic or ideological objectives. The atrocities and the effect of these on-going wars on innocent civilians, human suffering, poverty and development are beyond comprehension. Not surprisingly, the majority of current peace operations are in Africa, with more than 70 countries contributing forces to these conflict zones. On the continent, South Africa has come to assume a leading role in peace operations and is now a major troop-contributing country to UN and AU missions. In the past 11 years, the South African National Defence Force (SANDF) has taken part in no fewer than 14 peace missions. This article provides a brief background of the conflicts in Burundi, the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and Sudan, the different United Nations (UN) and African Union (AU) mandates under which peacekeepers had to operate as well as their objectives, and the extent of South Africa's involvement in the various missions. In the last section, the major challenges, that these operations have posed are highlighted.     

试论联合国维和行动的理念演变

联合国维持和平行动的指导理念随着国际局势的发展而不断变化，其中既有自身的发展与完善，也折射时代的演进和各种政治力量的对比。联合国维和行动产生初期遵循绝对中立理念，冷战后准军事介入阶段带有明显的隐性强权理念，反恐时代则对维和理念演变产生了新的影响。     

Buying Peace? Civil War Peace Duration and Private Military & Security Companies

Do Private Military and Security Companies (PMSCs) impact peace duration after civil war? I argue that the role these organisations play in a conflict can impact post-conflict stability. Specifically, I suggest that variance in services provided by PMSCs can influence rebels’ calculations about relative capabilities. These calculations then contribute to the probability for civil war recurrence. Building on the bargaining framework, with a focus on information and commitment problems, this article demonstrates that PMSCs participating in armed combat operations can jeopardise the stability of peace following civil war. Three case narratives (Angola, Sierra Leone and Croatia) are used to probe the theoretical argument and results are illustrative – PMSCs serving as force multipliers contribute to an increase in the probability for conflict recurrence.     

Pursuing sustainable peace through post-conflict peacebuilding: The case of Sierra Leone

Many of the world's poorest states have experienced violent conflict in the past decades and it is today widely accepted that armed conflicts require sustained efforts that address not only the military, but also the political, humanitarian, economic and social dimensions of conflicts. For some years there has been a growing international concern with and emphasis on peacebuilding programming in the area of conflict resolution and peacekeeping. In Sierra Leone, a country that was engulfed in a brutal civil war for more than ten years, peace was hard won—a peace that would not have been possible without the presence and active post-conflict assistance of the United Nations (UN). However, Sierra Leone remains in a precarious state, being one of the poorest countries in the world, and needs the commitment of the international community in ongoing post-conflict peacebuilding to sustain its delicate peace. This article examines the challenges, extent and achievements of peacebuilding programming in Sierra Leone, and assesses the prospects for sustainable peace in this once war-torn West African state.     

Country survey XVIII: The two Koreas' defence economy

In this paper we change the structure of the basic conflict model. This makes it possible to found an economic theory of war and peace. Apart from few exceptions there exist no peace equilibria in the related literature of conflict theory. The aim of the paper is to fill this gap, because most parts of the world live in peace. Further we show that negotiations are possible to avoid a war. The main result is that war breaks out only if the distribution of resources and/or the effectiveness of weapons is sufficiently unequal.     

Reopen a joint school of military government and administration?

Today there are many calls for other elements of the government to do more to ‘do their part’, assist the military to restore order and stability and ‘win the peace’ in Iraq and Afghanistan, and prepare for similar roles in future conflicts. The authors here instead briefly review the history of US armed forces’ involvement in military governance operations from the Mexican War through World War II, and recommend the re-establishment of a School of Military Government similar to that created during the latter conflict.     

Nigeria in ECOMOG: Political undercurrents and the burden of community spirit

This article considers why the British Army of today holds to the conviction that its peace support operations be conducted with an emphasis on the concept of minimum force. Evidence is presented here to show that the origins of this concept lie in two particular historical determinants: first, the moral parameters set by a religious sentiment refined through interaction with Victorian sensibilities; and, second, the pragmatic necessities of imperial policing. This article goes on to indicate how both these factors shaped – and, most significantly, why they continue to shape – a particularly British approach to the question of low-intensity conflict and, in particular, to the question of the use of military technology in such conflict.