钼的化合价对有机钼化合物的极压抗磨性能的影响

用四球机试验评价了所合成的有机钼化合物极压抗磨性能 .讨论了钼的化合价与有机钼化合物的极压抗磨性能的关系 .发现对黄原酸硫氧钼和硫代磷酸硫氧钼两类有机钼化合物均是含六价钼化合物的载荷性能最好 ;六价钼比五价钼化合物的反应活性高 ,可在更低的浓度下表现出最佳的抗磨效果 ;钼的化合价不影响硫代磷酸硫氧钼在基础油中的理化性能 .     

添加剂对润滑脂抗磨极压性能的影响

对比考察了聚异丁烯、氟化镧、醋酸钙和硫代氨基甲酸盐对锂钙基脂、复合锂基脂和复合锂钙基脂的抗磨极压性能的影响,结果显示:聚异丁烯对润滑脂的抗磨极压性能基本无影响,醋酸钙、氟化镧和硫代氨基甲酸盐都可提高润滑脂的抗磨极压性能,其中二烷基二硫代氨基甲酸钼的效果最好.用XPS对醋酸钙提高润滑脂抗磨极压性能的原因进行了分析,从分析结果推测是在摩擦表面形成了CaCO3,CaO表面膜.     

边界润滑膜的微观分析

利用X—射线光电子能谱、扫描电镜等手段对新研制的含S、O、Mo油溶性化合物作为极压剂所形成的边界润滑膜进行了微观分析。结果表明:该极压剂的极压抗磨作用除了与极压剂在摩擦表面上分解,生成具有良好润滑性能的MoS_2、MoO_3、MoO_2等化合物有关外,还与极压剂对摩擦表面有化学抛光作用有关。     

有机钼化合物作为极压添加剂的抗磨机理

本文用X—射线光电子能谱(XPS)技术对新合成的S、O、Mo油溶性化合物作为极压剂所形成的边界润滑膜进行了微观分析,并结合DSC分析、歇尔式四球机试验和Falex试验结果对该有机化合物的极压抗磨机理进行了初探。     

极压抗磨性能良好的润滑油添加剂

本文对含硫、钼的有机化合物的合成及性能进行了研究,并探讨了其化学结构对极压抗磨性能的影响。四球机试验表明:这类化合物有很好的抗磨性能和较高的承载能力,在润滑油中性能稳定,是较好的极压抗磨添加剂。烃基的改变对其极压抗磨性能有一定的影响。     

极压抗磨剂的研究

本文阐述了润滑油抗极压添加剂(极压抗磨剂)的作用机理(如有机硫化合物的负离子作用以及其它化合物的抗极压作用机理)。并介绍了近几年来国内外极压抗磨剂的发展动向,列举了含硼化合物,S、P、N 型有机化合物,金属有机化合物的抗极压效果。最后给出了本科研组合成的几种极压抗磨剂的实验结果。     

MoDDP作润滑油添加剂的摩擦学性能

利用四球摩擦磨损试验机对MoDDP的摩擦学性能进行了考察;使用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和能量色散X射线分析仪(EDS)分析了磨斑表面微观形貌及元素组成,探讨了MoDDP的润滑作用机理。结果表明:MoDDP具有良好的抗磨减摩和极压性能,392 N载荷下抗磨减摩效果最佳;1%和0.75%分别为油品最佳减摩和最佳抗磨的MoDDP添加量。SEM和EDS分析结果表明,S、P、Mo等MoDDP特征元素参与了摩擦过程,反应生成的含S、P、Mo化合物在提高油品润滑性能方面发挥了重要作用。     

10W/40高温重负荷润滑油在柴油发动机上的试验

为更好地研究高原地区车辆发动机与油料的适应性,针对高原地区特殊的地理环境气候特点,选用10W/40高温重负荷润滑油,对其进行了理化性能分析、350 h台架可靠性试验及高原实际行车试验。结果表明:该型润滑油具有优良的抗氧抗腐性、清净分散性和抗磨性,可满足高原地区大功率、重负荷柴油发动机的用油要求。     

激光淬火渗硫复合层的抗高温摩擦磨损性能

采用网格化激光淬火和低温离子渗硫技术对42MnCr52钢进行复合表面处理,使用洛氏硬度计、扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪和能谱仪对表面改性层进行了表征分析,使用T11高温摩擦磨损试验机对复合处理前后的样品进行了高温摩擦磨损比较试验。结果表明:经激光淬火-离子渗硫复合处理后,在基材表面形成了激光淬火渗硫复合层,具有显著的抗高温摩擦磨损性能。与未处理样品相比较,硬度提高20%左右,摩擦因数降低约10%,磨损失重量减少50%以上。最后对激光淬火渗硫复合层的抗高温摩擦磨损机理进行了探讨分析。     

纳米复合自修复添加剂发动机台架试验研究

通过WD615．67行车用6缸柴油机发动机台架试验,研究了含有纳米铜材料的纳米复合添加剂对发动机动力性能的影响,试验前后对发动机主要摩擦副尺寸进行了测量。结果表明,纳米复合添加剂对发动机不同材料的摩擦副均有较好的抗磨效果,特别是在缸套等摩擦部位出现了“负磨损”,实现了摩擦副表面的原位动态自修复。添加纳米复合添加剂后有效地降低了比油耗,减少了机械功率损失, 提高了发动机的功率,改善了发动机的动力性能。     

基于扩张观测器的三维有限时间收敛导引律

为了保证视线角速率在弹目碰撞前收敛到零附近的较小邻域内从而达到准平行接近的状态,本文基于自抗扰控制的不确定性估计补偿思想,应用反演控制方法设计了一种考虑导弹自动驾驶仪二阶动态特性和目标机动的三维有限时间收敛导引律。根据有限时间收敛控制理论,严格证明了系统的有限时间收敛特性;为抑制量测噪声,将传统跟踪微分器进行改进并应用于扩张状态观测器与反演控制的设计中。仿真结果表明:在自动驾驶仪响应延迟情况下,所设计的导引律能够导引导弹在有限时间内精确地拦截高速机动目标;改进的跟踪微分器精度高、响应快;基于改进跟踪微分器的扩张观测器估计效果理想。     

READY,SET, TRACE

Tracing small arms and light weapons has been identified as an important component in reducing the illicit trafficking of weapons to regions of conflict as well as use in violent crime. At the national, regional and international levels policy makers and practitioners are working to make tracing more effective. This article outlines some of the key elements of an effective tracing regime and reviews where areas of agreement currently exist. It concludes with observations on some of the challenges facing countries as they try to implement these systems and respond to the problem of illicit arms trafficking.     

Consumer drone evolutions: trends,spaces, temporalities,threats

ABSTRACT

While the drone has become synonymous with the War on Terror, the asymmetric iconography of the battlefield is shifting. Commercially available off-the-shelf (COTS) drones are increasingly prevalent features of global battlefields, employed by non-state actors in both visualising such spaces, and the directing and inflicting of harm. As such usage increases, so too do concerns around their evolving adoption, adaptation, and potential portability into homeland spheres. While cognizant of the range of positive drone applications, it is asserted that drones nonetheless remain simultaneously bound to an inverse potential for exploitation. In examining drone risk, this article approaches the consumer drone through a series of sites and spaces through which it is technically and socially constructed. Reflecting upon industry innovation, community-driven experimentation, and evolving airspace – it calls for greater attention to the drone’s malleability, arguing that understandings of COTS drones must remain attentive to both drone potential and potential drone threat.     

Drones,spies, terrorists,and second-class citizenship in Pakistan

This essay reviews seven recent books and reports that focus upon the use of US armed drones in Pakistan's Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA). This essay synthesizes a historical account of the program, critically interrogates key arguments and evidence advanced by the authors, and draws attention the particular problems that confront those who live in the FATA and the second-class citizenship that the Pakistani state has bestowed upon them for reasons of domestic and foreign policy concerns. This review essay does not intend to be the final word on any of the ongoing policy debates. But it does hope to enable a wider audience to take part in these important deliberations.     

COOPERATION,SIGNALS, AND SANCTIONS

This paper uses game theory and modeling to address the role of incentive structures and information dynamics in nuclear inspections. The traditional argument is that compliant states should be willing to allow inspections to prove their innocence, while proliferating states are likely to impede inspections. This argument does not take into account the historical variation in inspection, signaling, and sanctioning behaviors. Using a game theoretic analysis and model, it is shown that the separation of proliferators from nonproliferators only occurs when the likelihood of proliferation is high and punishment costs are moderate. The model assumes that states can choose how much to cooperate with inspectors and must pay opportunity or secrecy costs when inspections are effective. The results are tested against a set of real-life cases, providing support for the claims of historical variation and the model's deductive propositions.     

Terrorism,insurgency, kidnapping,and security in Africa's energy sector

Energy continues to serve as the bedrock of modern economies and the main driver of modern society. For Africa, the production and supply of energy resources such as crude oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, biomass, biofuels and other renewables are an important source of employment, rents, taxes, royalties and profits. This sector brings in several tens of billions of dollars of revenue annually. The production and delivery of such resources, however, depend on critical infrastructures such as pipelines, refineries, processing plants, terminals, rigs, electrical energy pylons, substations, pump stations, vessels, and tankers. These infrastructures have been attacked by terrorists, insurgents, vandals and saboteurs, all of whom see them as targets against which to register their grievances and extract concessions from the state. This paper is a chronological account of some of the documented incidents of terrorism, insurgency, kidnapping, destruction, sabotage, and human casualties suffered in the oil and gas sectors in Africa between 1999 and 2012. It is based on data extracted from the databases of the RAND Database of World Terrorism Incidents and the University of Maryland's Global Terrorism Database (GTD).     

VERIFIABILITY,RELIABILITY, AND NATIONAL SECURITY

The rejection of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) by the U.S. Senate in October 1999 could have been avoided, and the consequences of that vote still loom in the minds of supporters of the treaty. President Barack Obama has embraced the vision of a world free of nuclear weapons, and a key element of the Obama administration's arms control agenda is delivering on U.S. CTBT ratification. In order to secure the two-thirds majority in the Senate necessary to ratify the treaty, senators that remain skeptical of nuclear disarmament must also be convinced that the entry into force of the CTBT is in the national security interest of the United States. This article provides an analysis of the issues surrounding U.S. CTBT ratification divided into three segments—verifiability of the treaty, reliability of the U.S. stockpile, and the treaty's impact on U.S. national security—and concludes that CTBT ratification serves the security objectives of the United States. The CTBT constitutes an integral component of the multilateral nonproliferation architecture designed to prevent the proliferation of nuclear weapons, and it constrains the qualitative development of nuclear weapons, thereby hindering efforts by states of concern to develop advanced nuclear weapons.