一种基于Lorentzian函数的变步长LMS自适应滤波算法

为了改善传统的LMS类算法存在的缺点,提高算法的收敛速度和跟踪性能,提出了一种基于Lorentzian函数的变步长LMS自适应滤波算法.该算法采用Lorentzian函数来建立估计误差e(n)和步长因子μ(n)之间的非线性关系,以达到提高收敛速度和改善跟踪性能的目的.计算机仿真表明,算法与其他LMS类自适应滤波算法相比,在收敛速度和跟踪性能上都有较大的提升.     

基于正态分布曲线的分段式变步长LMS算法

针对传统最小均方误差(Least Mean Square, LMS)自适应滤波算法由于步长固定,在解决稳态误差与收敛性之间的关系时,始终处于矛盾状态的问题,在对传统的固定步长LMS自适应滤波算法分析的基础上,根据变步长LMS自适应滤波算法的步长调整原则,通过构造步长因子与误差信号的非线性函数,提出了一种基于正态分布曲线的分段式变步长LMS自适应滤波算法,并分析了参数取值对算法性能的影响。针对实际信号处理过程中参考信号难以选取的问题,提出了一种基于分裂阵的参考信号选取方法。理论和海试数据分析结果表明:该算法的收敛速度和稳态误差明显优于固定步长的LMS自适应滤波算法和基于Sigmoid函数的变步长LMS自适应滤波算法。     

基于对称非线性函数的变步长LMS自适应滤波算法

为解决自适应最小均方误差（least mean squares,LMS）滤波算法难以平衡稳态误差和收敛速度的问题,提出了基于对称非线性函数的变步长LMS自适应滤波算法。通过自变量取绝对值、叠加非线性拉伸量改进Sigmoid函数,构造一个对称非线性函数用于刻画步长因子与稳态误差的非线性关系。该对称非线性函数具有能够根据误差动态调整步长、更快达到收敛状态的特点。根据构造的对称非线性函数和输入信号功率生成归一化变步长因子,解决噪声逐级放大的问题,进一步提高算法的滤波效果同时,加速收敛。实验表明：该算法在低信噪比、信噪比变化、信号频率变化、滤波器阶数变化、延迟采样点数变化条件下均具有更好的滤波效果、更优的稳定性和更快的收敛速度。     

基于对数函数的归一化变步长LMS算法

归一化LMS算法是用步长与输入信号功率的比值,对步长的归一化,但其使用的全局步长因子是固定的,会出现不能同时兼顾收敛速度和稳态误差的问题。为了解决这一问题,将该算法与基于对数函数的变步长LMS算法相结合,提出了一种基于对数函数的归一化变步长LMS算法。基于对数函数的归一化变步长LMS算法是利用步长μ和误差e满足的一种归一化的对数关系,通过误差e来调整步长μ,使得步长μ始终在一个合适的范围内。仿真结果表明,新算法在收敛速度和稳态误差方面都优于归一化LMS算法和基于对数函数的变步长LMS算法。     

基于改进LMS算法的复合材料超声检测缺陷识别

在径向基函数（RBF）神经网络实现无人机复合材料超声检测脱粘缺陷识别时,针对最小均方（LMS）算法在确定网络输出权值时存在稳态失调误差和收敛速度相矛盾的问题,提出一种改进的自适应的变步长LMS算法．该算法根据反馈误差自适应确定步长,通过引进动量项加快收敛速度．将改进LMS算法应用到RBF网络缺陷识别中,结果表明该方法在稳态失调误差较小的情况下,能快速确定RBF网络的权值．改进的RBF网络能够较好地识别超声检测脱粘缺陷．     

双变因子LMS自适应滤波算法

为提高最小均方(LMS)自适应滤波算法的性能,在步长因子与误差信号满足一种改进的Sigmoid函数关系式的基础上,提出了一种双变因子控制下的变步长LMS自适应滤波算法。该算法具有初始状态收敛速度快、稳定状态均方误差小、抗噪声性能好、适应系统跃变能力强的优点。计算机仿真结果验证了该算法的优越性。     

稳健的双基地MIMO雷达目标角度跟踪算法

针对双基地多输入多输出(MIMO)雷达变速目标角度跟踪问题,提出了基于变遗忘因子的跟踪算法。首先研究了遗忘因子对算法的收敛速率和跟踪性能的影响;其次借鉴变步长最小均方(LMS)算法的思路,提出遗忘因子的递推公式;最后将遗忘因子递推公式引入PASTd算法中,实现变速目标的收发角度跟踪。实验表明:算法的收敛速度和性能都有较大的提高,稳定性得到了增强。     

变步长LMS算法在PCMA信号相位估计中的应用

为提高PCMA信号相位估计的精度,基于联合循环统计量与变步长最小均方（least mean square,LMS）的理论,提出了一种PCMA信号相位高精度估计算法。算法推导信号参数与循环统计量的定量关系进行相位的初估计,对接收信号进行变步长的LMS自适应滤波,通过迭代提升相位估计精度。对算法进行了不同维度的仿真对比实验,仿真结果表明,算法收敛速度快,适用范围广,性能相较于传统方法提升2dB左右。     

一种新的离散余弦变换LMS自适应滤波算法

通信过程中由于多径效应容易造成码间串扰,为此讨论了一种基于离散余弦变换(DCT)的最小均方(LMS)自适应滤波算法.该算法不依赖于输入信号特性,以一种近似的方式完成对输入向量正交化,实现了高效计算.将该算法运用于码间串扰(ISI)严重的信道均衡仿真实验中,并与传统的LMS和归一化LMS( NLMS)算法进行比较,仿真结果表明该算法具有更快的收敛速度和更小的稳态误差.     

基于估值修正的分布式传感器网络最小均方算法

为使分布式传感器网络自适应滤波算法在具有快速收敛和低稳态误差的同时,具有对脉冲干扰的鲁棒性,在扩散LMS自适应滤波算法基础上,提出一种基于参数估值p阶范数修正的变步长最小均方自适应滤波算法,算法通过使用参数估值的p阶范数增抗其对脉冲噪声的抗干扰能力,通过合理设置变步长控制因子使得算法在收敛初期的收敛速度及收敛后期的稳态误差在一个较小的范围取得一个较好的平衡。对比实验表明,相比已有算法,所提算法性能更优且具有较好的鲁棒性。     

Helping hands: civil–military cooperation and Italy's military operation abroad

In the Post-Bipolar Era the growing complexity of the military operations requires a new approach for the resolution of international crises. Since the end of the Cold War, peace support operations (PSO) have become the mainstay and principal occupation of most Western armies. At the same time, Italy has been one of the most important actors in such an area. The article focuses on the cooperation between military and civil components (a process called CIMIC) as a key variable in the Italian PSOs. We will analyse in detail the main lessons learned from past military interventions as well as the general context in which new tendencies are taking place. The maintaining of a minimum security frame becomes essential to fulfil activities ‘collateral’ to the mission: reconstructing services and infrastructure, food distribution, water and medication, law and order, de-mining, training of local forces, and supporting local institutions. These are the main tasks to obtain thrust and support from the population.     

Terrorism,insurgency, kidnapping,and security in Africa's energy sector

Energy continues to serve as the bedrock of modern economies and the main driver of modern society. For Africa, the production and supply of energy resources such as crude oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, biomass, biofuels and other renewables are an important source of employment, rents, taxes, royalties and profits. This sector brings in several tens of billions of dollars of revenue annually. The production and delivery of such resources, however, depend on critical infrastructures such as pipelines, refineries, processing plants, terminals, rigs, electrical energy pylons, substations, pump stations, vessels, and tankers. These infrastructures have been attacked by terrorists, insurgents, vandals and saboteurs, all of whom see them as targets against which to register their grievances and extract concessions from the state. This paper is a chronological account of some of the documented incidents of terrorism, insurgency, kidnapping, destruction, sabotage, and human casualties suffered in the oil and gas sectors in Africa between 1999 and 2012. It is based on data extracted from the databases of the RAND Database of World Terrorism Incidents and the University of Maryland's Global Terrorism Database (GTD).     

Tacit support for terrorism: The rapprochement between the USSR and Palestinian guerrilla organizations following the 1967 war

This article demonstrates the inconsistent and wavering Soviet attitude towards national liberation movements in general and the Palestinian organizations in particular. Until the late 1960s, the Soviets viewed these organizations with suspicion, hesitating to engage in political dialogue with them. However, in the 1970s, political and military events in the region, as well as modifications in the Kremlin's Cold War strategies, led to a general shift towards the Middle East in Soviet foreign policy. Soviet leaders showed increased willingness to provide certain Palestinian organizations with arms with which to conduct terrorist activities against Israeli, pro-Israeli, Jewish and Western targets. The article explores the complex relations between Palestinian organizations and the USSR in the field of international terror. The study also exposes and analyzes the nature and content of Soviet–Palestinian arms dialogues and transactions. It provides clear evidence that Soviet policymakers and other luminaries were fully informed of, and sometimes directly involved in, these transactions and dialogues at the highest levels.     

A1 Qaeda and the radical Islamic challenge to western strategy

The September 11 global crisis prompted by the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon raises major questions concerning the nature and trajectory of terrorism in the post-Cold War global order. Hitherto, terrorism has been largely debated by analysts at the level of nation states. Terrorist and insurgent movements have also been largely anchored in nationalist and ethnic power bases even when they have sought to mobilise a transnational ideological appeal on religious or class grounds. There have been a few exceptions to this pattern such as the alliance between the German Baader-Meinhof group and the Japanese Red Army Faction, but even such international alliances as this did not, until at least the 1980s, presage anything like a global terrorist network necessitating a global strategic response. This study examines terrorism and global strategic responses.     

Helping hands: external support for the KNU insurgency in Burma

This article analyses to what extent the Burmese KNU insurgency made use of external support from states, refugees, and diasporas. Based on extensive fieldwork it is concluded that support from neighbouring states and refugees has for years kept the Karen rebellion alive. Western countries perceived forms of resistance to the illegitimate Burmese regime as just and have therefore played a crucial role in the continuation of conflict in Karen State. It is important that policymakers and donors as well as executing organizations continue to reflect critically on the way they exercise their work.     

Reviews

Douglas S. Derrer, We Are All the Target: A Handbook of Terrorism Avoidance and Hostage Survival. Annapolis, MD: US Naval Institute Press, 1992. Pp. x+135, notes, index. $14.95. ISBN 01–55750–150–5

Ian Knight, Zulu: Isandlwana and Rorke's Drift, 22–23 January 1879. London: Windrow & Greene, 1992. Pp.136, 150 illus., incl 8 colour plates, maps, biblio. £35. ISBN 1–872004–23–7

Ian Knight, By the Orders of the Great White Queen: Campaigning in Zululand through the Eyes of the British Soldiers, 1879. London: Greenhill Books and Novato: Presidio Press, 1992. Pp. 272, 17 illus., 1 map. £18.95. ISBN 1–85367–122–3

Manfried Rauchensteiner and Erwin A. Schmidl (eds.), Formen des Krieges: vom Mittelalter zum ‘Low‐intensity’ Conflict’. Graz : Verlag Styria, 1991. Pp.208. DM35. ISBN 3–22–12139–7

Harold J. Kearsley, Maritime Power and the Twenty‐First Century. Dartmouth: Dartmouth Publishing Company, Limited, 1992. Pp.xv + 203, 13 diagrams, index. £32.50. ISBN 1–85521–288–9     

基于GTST-DMLD-ESD的装备RMS建模仿真

装备的RMS是装备的重要设计参数,是影响战备完好和保障能力的关键因素.引入GTST-DMLD作为主要建模工具,建立起装备系统的RMS描述模型,以ESD为补充和扩展,对维修过程进行建模.并以GTST-DMLD-ESD模型作为装备RMS仿真的核心,对装备RMS仿真模型的总体框架进行了研究,并对各模块进行了较为详细的探讨.     

Cyber sheiks and grassroots jihadis: the war in Syria and the devolution of the Bosnian Salafi communities

ABSTRACT

What was the scope of the Bosnian jihadi participation in the war in Syria? Did the Bosnian volunteers tend to join one particular faction? Why did the Bosnian youngsters decide to join the holy war in the Levant? Was this an organized and hierarchical process or was this a grassroots movement? Last, were all the Salafis in Bosnia supportive of this dynamic or did this process cause internal frictions? These are some of the questions that this research will try to answer.