均匀圆阵主特征矢量分析解相干算法

为解决均匀圆阵的相干信源波达方向估计问题,提出一种适用于均匀圆阵的虚拟均匀线阵主特征矢量分析算法。采用模式空间变换将均匀圆阵转换为虚拟均匀线阵,对其数据协方差矩阵进行处理以构造主特征矢量矩阵;引入加权最小二乘法,通过重复迭代得到子空间各元素之间的线性预测系数,从而求得相干信源的波达方向估计值。理论分析和仿真结果表明,该算法对相干信源具有较好的估计精度,且具备高分辨率和低复杂度的优点。     

基于空间差分平滑的非相关与相干信源数估计

针对非相关信源与相干信源共存时信源数估计问题,提出了一种新的基于空间差分平滑的信源数估计算法。该算法首先利用SORTE法估计相互独立信源个数,结合非相关信源阵列导向矢量与噪声子空间正交关系特性,实现非相关信源数估计;其次基于空间差分法消除非相关信号并构造新矩阵,利用构造矩阵进行前向空间平滑,实现对相干信源解相干;最后利用SORTE法得到相干信源数估计。仿真实验结果验证了该算法的有效性。     

低快拍下模糊径向基神经网络波束形成算法

针对低快拍情况下自适应波束形成算法性能下降,以及权矢量解算过程中协方差矩阵求逆运算量大的问题,针对最小方差无失真响应(MVDR)算法,采用单位阵和采样协方差矩阵的凸线性组合对低快拍下的协方差矩阵进行修正,在此基础上,引入模糊径向基(RBF)神经网络逼近算法权矢量,通过模糊RBF神经网络实现从阵列协方差矩阵到最优权矢量的非线性映射,避免了矩阵求逆运算。仿真结果表明,当低快拍情况下最小方差无失真响应(MVDR)及最小能量无畸变响应(MPDR)算法出现性能下降时,基于模糊RBF神经网络的波束形成算法仍能快速逼近算法权矢量,波束赋形效果较好,同时可实现算法复杂度的降低及计算量的减少。     

双圆阵模式空间二维解相干

提出一种相干信号二维波达方向(Direction of Arrival,DOA)估计算法——模式空间波达方向矩阵(Mode-Space DOA Matrix,MS-DOAM)法。算法基于双圆阵,利用模式空间转换将圆阵转换为虚拟双平行线阵,计算虚拟线阵阵元间的互相关信息,构造两个等效协方差矩阵,进而构造波达方向矩阵,对该波达方向矩阵特征分解,利用得到的特征值与特征矢量求得入射信号的仰角和方位角。算法无需二维搜索,实现估计参数自动配对。仿真结果表明,算法在低信噪比和短快拍条件下,估计误差低于虚拟空间平移算法。     

基于辅助阵元的幅相误差和DOA同时估计算法北大核心

针对阵元幅相误差使波达方向(direction of arrival,DOA)估计精度下降的问题,提出了一种阵元幅相误差和DOA同时估计算法。该算法通过在阵列一侧设置少量已校正阵元,改变了误差矩阵的结构,并根据改变后的矩阵特征构造了变换矩阵,通过构造的变换矩阵和子空间算法,实现了对阵元幅相误差和DOA的同时估计。此外,该算法能够解决信源功率存在较大差异时误差估计不准的问题,实现了高精度的误差和角度的同时估计。计算机仿真结果证明了所提算法的正确性和有效性。     

一种时频混叠的欠定混合通信信号盲分离算法

针对衰减-延迟欠定混合通信信号的盲分离问题,提出了一种基于子空间最小距离的源信号估计算法,通过计算观测信号到混合矩阵列矢量张成子空间的距离,估计任意时频点同时存在的源信号数目以及当前源信号对应的混合矩阵列矢量,把欠定混合问题转化为超定问题,然后通过计算Moore-Penrose逆矩阵求解源信号,理论分析和仿真结果验证了算法的有效性。     

导向矢量正交分解的离格信号DOA估计

当存在离格信号时,网格失配将导致基于压缩感知理论的DOA估计算法估计性能严重下降。为解决这个问题,在对接收数据协方差矩阵进行KR积变换的基础上,提出了一种基于压缩感知理论下的导向矢量正交分解的离格信号DOA估计算法。算法利用信号导向矢量与其一阶导函数矢量间的正交性构建了新的离格信号导向矢量模型,并基于最小二乘法对离格信号的网格偏离量进行估计。在构建稀疏重建模型时,采用ILSSE方法精确估计噪声协方差矩阵,提高了稀疏重建的精度。仿真结果表明,所提算法在不同信噪比和不同的网格间距下对离格信号DOA都有较好的估计精度。     

基于协方差矩阵估计的稳健Capon波束形成算法

常规Capon波束形成器性能对模型误差或失配非常敏感,尤其是当期望信号包含在训练数据中,导向矢量失配将引起性能急剧下降。为解决这一问题,提出了一种采用干扰噪声协方差矩阵和导向矢量联合估计的稳健波束形成算法。该方法通过对Capon空间谱在非目标信号的方位区域内的积分,实现对干扰噪声协方差矩阵的估计,解决数据协方差矩阵包含有目标信号时引起信号自相消问题;其次为了克服导向矢量失配的影响,通过最大化输出功率,并增加二次型约束防止估计的导向矢量接近于干扰导向矢量,实现对导向矢量的估计。仿真实验表明:该算法能获得近似最优的输出信干噪比,与现有算法相比稳健性更强。     

基于特征值的单矢量水听器目标检测算法

针对水下目标检测在低信噪比与非平稳背景噪声情况下性能下降的问题，结合特征值检测算法原理，给出一种单矢量水听器联合信息互相关检测算法。该算法利用电子旋转导向角度与振速信息构成一种组合振速，并结合声压信息得到一种互相关值，在大快拍无信号条件下，该值满足渐进高斯分布；将该值除以解析振速与声压信息的协方差矩阵最小特征值，得到一种检测统计量；通过与门限值比较，实现目标检测。理论分析可见，所提检测算法无须背景噪声的先验信息，并且可以通过调节导向角度提高检测性能；在单目标情况下，利用检测统计量与导向角度的对应关系可实现目标方位估计。仿真与实测数据结果表明，相比于单矢量水听器最大最小特征值检测算法与能量检测算法，所提算法检测性能优良，适合于单矢量水听器目标预警检测。     

无需信源数目的相干信号方位估计算法

针对空间平滑MUSIC算法会损失阵列的有效孔径且需要信源先验数目的问题,提出了一种新算法.该算法从矢量重构的思路出发,通过对接收数据协方差矩阵的最大特征向量进行矢量重构,即可实现不损失阵列孔径的解相干处理,同时利用全空间加权MUSIC算法,实现了信源数目未知下的相干信号准确定位.仿真结果证实了该方法的有效性.     

Terrorism,insurgency, kidnapping,and security in Africa's energy sector

Energy continues to serve as the bedrock of modern economies and the main driver of modern society. For Africa, the production and supply of energy resources such as crude oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, biomass, biofuels and other renewables are an important source of employment, rents, taxes, royalties and profits. This sector brings in several tens of billions of dollars of revenue annually. The production and delivery of such resources, however, depend on critical infrastructures such as pipelines, refineries, processing plants, terminals, rigs, electrical energy pylons, substations, pump stations, vessels, and tankers. These infrastructures have been attacked by terrorists, insurgents, vandals and saboteurs, all of whom see them as targets against which to register their grievances and extract concessions from the state. This paper is a chronological account of some of the documented incidents of terrorism, insurgency, kidnapping, destruction, sabotage, and human casualties suffered in the oil and gas sectors in Africa between 1999 and 2012. It is based on data extracted from the databases of the RAND Database of World Terrorism Incidents and the University of Maryland's Global Terrorism Database (GTD).     

Helping hands: civil–military cooperation and Italy's military operation abroad

In the Post-Bipolar Era the growing complexity of the military operations requires a new approach for the resolution of international crises. Since the end of the Cold War, peace support operations (PSO) have become the mainstay and principal occupation of most Western armies. At the same time, Italy has been one of the most important actors in such an area. The article focuses on the cooperation between military and civil components (a process called CIMIC) as a key variable in the Italian PSOs. We will analyse in detail the main lessons learned from past military interventions as well as the general context in which new tendencies are taking place. The maintaining of a minimum security frame becomes essential to fulfil activities ‘collateral’ to the mission: reconstructing services and infrastructure, food distribution, water and medication, law and order, de-mining, training of local forces, and supporting local institutions. These are the main tasks to obtain thrust and support from the population.     

Tacit support for terrorism: The rapprochement between the USSR and Palestinian guerrilla organizations following the 1967 war

This article demonstrates the inconsistent and wavering Soviet attitude towards national liberation movements in general and the Palestinian organizations in particular. Until the late 1960s, the Soviets viewed these organizations with suspicion, hesitating to engage in political dialogue with them. However, in the 1970s, political and military events in the region, as well as modifications in the Kremlin's Cold War strategies, led to a general shift towards the Middle East in Soviet foreign policy. Soviet leaders showed increased willingness to provide certain Palestinian organizations with arms with which to conduct terrorist activities against Israeli, pro-Israeli, Jewish and Western targets. The article explores the complex relations between Palestinian organizations and the USSR in the field of international terror. The study also exposes and analyzes the nature and content of Soviet–Palestinian arms dialogues and transactions. It provides clear evidence that Soviet policymakers and other luminaries were fully informed of, and sometimes directly involved in, these transactions and dialogues at the highest levels.     

A1 Qaeda and the radical Islamic challenge to western strategy

The September 11 global crisis prompted by the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon raises major questions concerning the nature and trajectory of terrorism in the post-Cold War global order. Hitherto, terrorism has been largely debated by analysts at the level of nation states. Terrorist and insurgent movements have also been largely anchored in nationalist and ethnic power bases even when they have sought to mobilise a transnational ideological appeal on religious or class grounds. There have been a few exceptions to this pattern such as the alliance between the German Baader-Meinhof group and the Japanese Red Army Faction, but even such international alliances as this did not, until at least the 1980s, presage anything like a global terrorist network necessitating a global strategic response. This study examines terrorism and global strategic responses.     

Helping hands: external support for the KNU insurgency in Burma

This article analyses to what extent the Burmese KNU insurgency made use of external support from states, refugees, and diasporas. Based on extensive fieldwork it is concluded that support from neighbouring states and refugees has for years kept the Karen rebellion alive. Western countries perceived forms of resistance to the illegitimate Burmese regime as just and have therefore played a crucial role in the continuation of conflict in Karen State. It is important that policymakers and donors as well as executing organizations continue to reflect critically on the way they exercise their work.     

基于GTST-DMLD-ESD的装备RMS建模仿真

装备的RMS是装备的重要设计参数,是影响战备完好和保障能力的关键因素.引入GTST-DMLD作为主要建模工具,建立起装备系统的RMS描述模型,以ESD为补充和扩展,对维修过程进行建模.并以GTST-DMLD-ESD模型作为装备RMS仿真的核心,对装备RMS仿真模型的总体框架进行了研究,并对各模块进行了较为详细的探讨.     

Cyber sheiks and grassroots jihadis: the war in Syria and the devolution of the Bosnian Salafi communities

ABSTRACT

What was the scope of the Bosnian jihadi participation in the war in Syria? Did the Bosnian volunteers tend to join one particular faction? Why did the Bosnian youngsters decide to join the holy war in the Levant? Was this an organized and hierarchical process or was this a grassroots movement? Last, were all the Salafis in Bosnia supportive of this dynamic or did this process cause internal frictions? These are some of the questions that this research will try to answer.     

The UK,interrogation and Iraq, 2003–2008

The UK’s interrogation operations during the conflict in Iraq (2003–2008) are often portrayed by the media as involving significant amounts of mistreatment. This article demonstrates that these practices are not necessarily representative of the UK’s interrogation operations across this conflict. In doing so it contributes to the limited literature on the practice of interrogation and on the UK’s combat operations in Iraq. The UK’s interrogation capability, and therefore its intelligence-gathering capability, is shown to have rested primarily with the military’s Joint Forward Interrogation Team (JFIT). The JFIT suffered from limitations to the number, training and experience of its interrogators and interpreters. It is argued that maintaining a permanent, higher level of preparedness for interrogation by the British armed forces is desirable.     

Remembering and forgetting Mirambo: Histories of war in modern Africa

ABSTRACT

While the study of organised violence is considered essential to understanding the history of the West, and accordingly imbued with various layers of meaning and remembrance, war is widely regarded as inimical to the modern nation in Africa and stable development more broadly. Using examples drawn from primarily from East Africa, this paper considers the ways in which warfare in the deeper (‘precolonial’) past has been framed and envisioned in recent decades, in particular by governments whose own roots lie in revolutionary armed struggle and who began life as guerrilla movements. While in some cases particular elements of the deeper past were indeed mobilised in pursuit of contemporary political goals, in many other scenarios histories of precolonial violence were beheld as problematic and unworthy of remembrance. This paper highlights the paradox and ambiguity which has attended the memory of key aspects of Africa’s deeper past.