振动影响下金刚石车削表面的形貌仿真

超精密车削加工中,影响工件表面形貌的主要因素有刀具的几何形状、进给速度、主轴转速、刀具与工件的相对振动等,考虑这些因素,对超精密加工的三维表面形貌进行建模,并通过仿真分析刀具轮廓在工件径向截面内可能发生的剪切现象。验证结果表明,用该模型仿真超精密端面车削的工件表面能得到较好的效果。利用该模型可以模拟刀具切削运动的轨迹、预测工件表面三维微观形貌及二维截面轮廓形状等表面特征,并可将其作为实际切削加工中切削参数优化的理论指导。     

SiO_2在SHS铝热-重力分离法制备陶瓷内衬复合钢管中的作用

采用自蔓延铝热-重力分离法,制备了陶瓷内衬复合钢管,并系统研究了SiO_2添加剂对SHS燃烧过程、陶瓷层相对密度与组织结构、复合钢管力学性能的影响。经研究发现,SiO_2在铝热燃烧过程中作为稀释剂存在,随着SiO_2添加量增多,燃烧温度与蔓延速率下降,并使分布于α-Al_2O_3枝晶晶界处的亚稳定相FeO·Al_2O_3增多;陶瓷相对密度与复合钢管抗压溃强度在SiO_2含量为2wt％时出现极大值(分别为92.5％与430MPa);陶瓷硬度、断裂韧性与复合钢管抗压剪强度随SiO_2含量增加而降低。     

陶瓷/金属梯度热障涂层的制备及性能评价

为了评价陶瓷/金属梯度热障涂层的性能,设计了4种涂层方案和2种基体材料(1Cr18Ni9Ti和2Cr13).利用单枪单送粉器成功地制备了线性梯度涂层.通过观察涂层的微观结构、测量涂层的抗热震性能和热残余应力来评价涂层的性能.利用扫描电镜对各种陶瓷涂层的微观结构进行了观察和分析,利用X射线能谱分析得到了陶瓷梯度涂层试样中的不同区域的衍射图.热震试验表明,梯度涂层比非梯度涂层具有更好的抗热震性能.采用钻孔法对不同涂层方案进行了残余应力的测量,结果表明,压应力出现在1Cr18Ni9Ti基体材料上,而拉应力出现在2Cr13基体材料上.     

高硬再制造表面强化层的加热切削研究

应用高性能硬质合金、陶瓷刀具和CBN刀具对常温条件下难以加工的高硬堆焊材料进行加热切削试验。试验结果表明：尽管加热条件下冲击效应降低,但CBN刀具仍然破损严重;陶瓷刀具虽然也无法实现理想的切削,但切削过程中刀具破损模式从崩碎式失效转变为磨损失效;3种刀具中高性能硬质合金应用效果最佳,其最佳参数条件下,一个切削里程后刀面VB值仅为0．3mm,试验过程中,刀具磨损随表面加热温度、切削速度、切削深度的提高而增大,但随进给量取值的增大而减小,其中切削速度对刀具VB值的影响最大,而进给量和削切深度对刀具VB值的影响较小。综合分析还表明：试验中刀具磨损速率仍然受刀具红硬性极限的限制。     

TiN基复合涂层硬质合金刀具的力学性能与切削性能研究

采用闭合场非平衡磁控溅射离子镀在YT14硬质合金刀具上沉积了TiN、TiAlN、TiN-MoS2和CrTiAlN复合梯度涂层.利用纳米硬度计、维氏显微硬度计、扫描电子显微镜和X射线衍射分析仪表征了刀具涂层的力学性能和组织结构,并在干式切削条件下, 比较研究了涂层对硬质合金刀具切削性能的影响,得出4种涂层刀具的切削寿命的排序依次为CrTiAlN＞TiN-MoS2＞TiAlN＞TiN;研究结果表明,多元复合涂层刀具在提高切削性能方面效果是显著的.     

自反应电弧喷涂复相陶瓷涂层工艺研究

以Ti-B4C-C为粉芯、金属Al为外皮材料制备了粉芯丝材,利用自反应电弧喷涂技术在钢基体表面制备了Ti(C,N)-TiB2-Al2O3复相陶瓷涂层.研究了喷涂电压、电流、气压及喷涂距离等工艺参数对涂层的影响,并以涂层孔隙率为评价指标,优化了喷涂工艺.结果表明:对涂层质量影响因素由大到小依次为喷涂距离、气压、电流、电压;优化工艺为喷涂电流120 A、电压36 V、气压0.7 MPa、距离160 mm,在该工艺条件下制备的复合涂层由TiB2、TiC0.3N0.7、TiN、Al2O3、AlN等多相组成,孔隙率约为2.11％,力学性能好.     

自由曲面慢刀伺服车削及刀具参数确定方法

自由曲面光学元件具有优越的光学性能,在现代光学系统中得到越来越广泛的应用。慢刀伺服是单点金刚石车削自由曲面的新技术。由于自由曲面面形的复杂性以及慢刀伺服车削技术的特殊性,刀具与工件的相对位置关系也更加复杂,必须对刀具与工件表面的相对几何关系深入研究,从而确定合适的刀具参数。从原理上对慢刀伺服车削技术的特殊性进行了分析。分别基于过轴心截面曲线特性和基于NURBS曲面整体特性研究了刀具参数确定方法。以正弦阵列表面工件为例,验证了这两种分析方法。     

刀具磨损监测的随机向量相关度量法

本文提出了一种运用功率累积和与n 维随机向量相关度量监测刀具磨损的新方法,即通过计算刀具三向振动加速度的相关度量系数,主轴扭矩或某项振动加速度的功率累积和综合监测刀具的磨损、破损以及刀具磨损的程度。该法在简单性、可靠性等方面比以往提出的方法有较大的进步,因而使得本方法具有很大的应用前景。文中对该法的理论基础进行了严格的证明,并给出了实验论证结果。     

高硬热喷涂层的缓进给切削试验

采用高硬材料切削过程中常用的2种刀具材料CBN和YG610,应用缓进给的模式对高硬喷涂层进行切削试验。试验结果表明：采用小进给切削模式YG610刀具切削高硬热喷涂层可以获得较理想的刀具耐用度,并且加工表面质量可以达到Ra1以下,具备了以车代磨的基本条件。高硬材料切削常用的刀具CBN在切削过程中出现了较严重的非正常破损现象。通过对试验现象的分析,可以认为冲击性和高硬度的同时存在是喷涂层切削的最重要特性。因此,喷涂层切削刀具需要同时具备较高的韧性和硬度。     

冲击波活化热压烧结氮化硅粉末

对Si3 N4粉末实现了三种不同压力的冲击波预先处理 ,而后采用三种不同的热压烧结条件制得Si3 N4陶瓷。运用SEM ,TEM ,HRTEM和XRD等手段分析了粉末和陶瓷的结构特性 ,同时测试了材料的性能。结果表明 :冲击波压力没有导致Si3 N4粉末的相变 ,TEM观察表明Si3 N4晶粒中有大量的位错及位错群 ,冲击波的作用主要是通过引入大量位错和其他缺陷促进致密化过程 ,提高陶瓷材料的机械性能。经过40GPa冲击波活化 1 80 0℃热压烧结的Si3 N4陶瓷性能最好 ,弯曲强度达 1 1 0 7.2MPa ,断裂韧性达 1 2 .2 0MPa .m1/2 。     

An Unlikely Alliance: Portuguese and South African Airpower in Angola, 1968–1974

The war that Portugal was obliged to fight in Africa began in 1961 and immediately stretched the resources of its armed forces. Nowhere was this thinness more apparent than in policing the vast territory of Angola. The east and southeast of Angola were particularly vulnerable, as the area was a vast, sparsely populated region characterised by enormous featureless plains or chanas covered in tall grass and broken by an extensive river system and mountainous forests. The only military solution to policing these immense spaces was aviation and specifically the helicopter that could carry troops into battle, protect them with a gunship and bring them home when the operation was concluded. The immediate problem for the Portuguese Air Force (Força Aérea Portuguesa or FAP) in Angola and elsewhere was a scarcity of helicopters. The solution was an alliance with South Africa, which had a strong inventory of Alouette IIIs, to help in policing the east. This move was likewise in the interest of South Africa, as its threat came from Zambia through south-eastern Angola. This article examines the strategic and tactical development of this unusual, cross-cultural alliance and the symbiotic relationship that resulted in destruction of the enemies of both in Angola.     

Helping hands: civil–military cooperation and Italy's military operation abroad

In the Post-Bipolar Era the growing complexity of the military operations requires a new approach for the resolution of international crises. Since the end of the Cold War, peace support operations (PSO) have become the mainstay and principal occupation of most Western armies. At the same time, Italy has been one of the most important actors in such an area. The article focuses on the cooperation between military and civil components (a process called CIMIC) as a key variable in the Italian PSOs. We will analyse in detail the main lessons learned from past military interventions as well as the general context in which new tendencies are taking place. The maintaining of a minimum security frame becomes essential to fulfil activities ‘collateral’ to the mission: reconstructing services and infrastructure, food distribution, water and medication, law and order, de-mining, training of local forces, and supporting local institutions. These are the main tasks to obtain thrust and support from the population.     

Terrorism,insurgency, kidnapping,and security in Africa's energy sector

Energy continues to serve as the bedrock of modern economies and the main driver of modern society. For Africa, the production and supply of energy resources such as crude oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, biomass, biofuels and other renewables are an important source of employment, rents, taxes, royalties and profits. This sector brings in several tens of billions of dollars of revenue annually. The production and delivery of such resources, however, depend on critical infrastructures such as pipelines, refineries, processing plants, terminals, rigs, electrical energy pylons, substations, pump stations, vessels, and tankers. These infrastructures have been attacked by terrorists, insurgents, vandals and saboteurs, all of whom see them as targets against which to register their grievances and extract concessions from the state. This paper is a chronological account of some of the documented incidents of terrorism, insurgency, kidnapping, destruction, sabotage, and human casualties suffered in the oil and gas sectors in Africa between 1999 and 2012. It is based on data extracted from the databases of the RAND Database of World Terrorism Incidents and the University of Maryland's Global Terrorism Database (GTD).     

国内外结构钢焊条研究的现状与发展

本文主要介绍了国外焊条的现状和发展趋势,包括焊条的高韧性、高效率、低尘低毒和耐吸潮性能,为国内的焊条研究提供了参考依据。     

A Sign of Victory?: ‘Scottish Swords’ and Other Weapons in the Possession of the ‘Auld Innemie’

Many late medieval documents, notably inventories of arms and armour, of Englishmen contain references to ‘Scottish swords’ and other weapons. What did the compilers of these documents mean when they described a weapon as ‘Scottish’? How did such weapons come to be in the possession of these men? This article will attempt to explain this phenomenon drawing on primary documentary sources and surviving material culture from Glasgow Museums’ collections and others, as well as artworks from the period.     

Tacit support for terrorism: The rapprochement between the USSR and Palestinian guerrilla organizations following the 1967 war

This article demonstrates the inconsistent and wavering Soviet attitude towards national liberation movements in general and the Palestinian organizations in particular. Until the late 1960s, the Soviets viewed these organizations with suspicion, hesitating to engage in political dialogue with them. However, in the 1970s, political and military events in the region, as well as modifications in the Kremlin's Cold War strategies, led to a general shift towards the Middle East in Soviet foreign policy. Soviet leaders showed increased willingness to provide certain Palestinian organizations with arms with which to conduct terrorist activities against Israeli, pro-Israeli, Jewish and Western targets. The article explores the complex relations between Palestinian organizations and the USSR in the field of international terror. The study also exposes and analyzes the nature and content of Soviet–Palestinian arms dialogues and transactions. It provides clear evidence that Soviet policymakers and other luminaries were fully informed of, and sometimes directly involved in, these transactions and dialogues at the highest levels.     

A1 Qaeda and the radical Islamic challenge to western strategy

The September 11 global crisis prompted by the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon raises major questions concerning the nature and trajectory of terrorism in the post-Cold War global order. Hitherto, terrorism has been largely debated by analysts at the level of nation states. Terrorist and insurgent movements have also been largely anchored in nationalist and ethnic power bases even when they have sought to mobilise a transnational ideological appeal on religious or class grounds. There have been a few exceptions to this pattern such as the alliance between the German Baader-Meinhof group and the Japanese Red Army Faction, but even such international alliances as this did not, until at least the 1980s, presage anything like a global terrorist network necessitating a global strategic response. This study examines terrorism and global strategic responses.     

Helping hands: external support for the KNU insurgency in Burma

This article analyses to what extent the Burmese KNU insurgency made use of external support from states, refugees, and diasporas. Based on extensive fieldwork it is concluded that support from neighbouring states and refugees has for years kept the Karen rebellion alive. Western countries perceived forms of resistance to the illegitimate Burmese regime as just and have therefore played a crucial role in the continuation of conflict in Karen State. It is important that policymakers and donors as well as executing organizations continue to reflect critically on the way they exercise their work.     

Cyberpower in Strategic Affairs: Neither Unthinkable nor Blessed

Abstract

This article explores the effect of connectivity on strategic affairs. It argues that the effect on war's character is potentially, although not yet shown in practice, considerably large. Its effect upon the distribution of power among states in the international system is small, contrary to the claims of ‘cyberwar’ alarmists. All told, however, its effect upon strategic affairs is complex. On the one hand, it represents a significant advance in the ‘complexification’ of state strategies, understood in the sense of the production of intended effects. On the other hand, strategists today – still predominantly concerned with the conflicts and confrontations of states and organised military power – are generally missing the power which non-traditional strategic actors, better adapted to the network flows of the information age, are beginning to deploy. These new forms of organization and coercion will challenge the status quo.