密度板炭化痕迹特征的研究

选用市场上常见的密度板作为研究对象,采用明火引燃和泼洒易燃液体引燃两种方式制备燃烧炭化痕迹,观察其宏观特征;利用扫描电镜观察其炭化物微观形貌,利用图像处理技术,对不同引燃方式下板材燃烧炭化物形貌进行分析,研究炭化痕迹特征。研究结果表明,密度板燃烧炭化痕迹为不规则的多边形,随着温度的升高,炭化程度逐渐增加、裂纹宽度变宽;纤维表面杂质逐渐减少,表面逐渐光滑,裂纹多出现在纤维黏结处。另外,密度板燃烧时的热释放速率和质量损失速率对其燃烧炭化裂纹有明显影响。     

室内装饰织物燃烧特性研究

室内装饰织物因其容易点燃、燃烧速度快、蔓延迅速等燃烧特性,对室内火灾的发展蔓延及火灾危害都有重要影响。运用锥形量热仪对棉麻、涤纶、帆布、泡纱、条绒等5种室内装饰织物的燃烧性能进行了实验研究,测量了室内装饰织物在不同热辐射条件下的燃烧特性,并对实验数据进行图像拟合,通过具体的实验数据和图像分析比较了5种室内装饰织物在不同热辐射条件下的点燃时间、热释放速率、质量损失速率、比消光面积及CO生成量。最后得出了各种织物的火灾危险性相对大小。     

原油流淌火燃烧特性的试验研究

利用自行设计的流淌燃烧试验平台对原油流淌火的燃烧特性进行了试验研究,分析了坡度对火焰高度、质量损失速率、火焰温度和热辐射等火灾特性参数的影响。结果表明,原油在稳定流淌燃烧时,在燃烧槽末端出现类似池火的燃烧现象,且火势规模较大;原油流淌火的火焰高度、质量损失速率、火焰温度和热辐射均小于同等规模的油池火,且坡度越大,火灾特性参数越小;坡度引起的油层运动破坏了油品表面稳定的传热结构,导致维持油品稳定燃烧的热平衡状态发生变化是造成原油流淌火与池火在火灾特性参数上不同的主要原因。     

阻燃剂对聚氯乙烯燃烧产烟影响的实验研究

利用烟密度仪、锥形量热仪研究了阻燃剂对聚氯乙烯燃烧产烟的影响。结果表明,三氧化二锑、三聚氰胺等四种阻燃剂使PVC热解燃烧的产烟量大幅度增加,促进PVC热解燃烧失重;红磷、氢氧化镁等四种阻燃剂对PVC热解燃烧的产烟量及燃烧失重影响较小;硼酸锌使PVC热释放速率峰值降低、质量损失速率减小,热释放速率峰值出现的时间推迟。随着氢氧化镁、十溴二苯乙烷在PVC中含量的增加,其燃烧产烟量减少。氢氧化镁的量对PVC燃烧失重速率和失重量影响明显。三氧化二锑和氢氧化镁混合、十溴二苯乙烷和聚磷酸铵混合阻燃对PVC热解燃烧的产烟影响较小,而三氧化二锑与硼酸锌混合阻燃剂对PVC的燃烧影响显著。     

导线过负荷引燃能力的模拟实验研究

为了考查导线过负荷对不同可燃物的引燃能力，选择1．5,2．5和4mm^2三种规格的铝导线在不同倍数过负荷电流条件下进行实验，测得导线温度并观察过负荷导线对火场中常见的棉布、阻燃管、防水板的引燃能力。通过实验得出过负荷导线引燃能力与导线截面积、过负荷时间、过负荷电流的大小的关系，并讨论了可燃物种类对过负荷导线引燃能力的影响。结果表明，过负荷导线的引燃能力与过负荷电流和时间成正比，而导线的截面积对引燃能力的影响是多方面的。为防止火灾发生，在建筑物中布置导线时要远离可燃物并要穿阻燃管铺设。     

不同几何边界的航煤油池火灾燃烧特性

利用不同尺度的方形和圆形油池,在油池火燃烧特性综合实验台架上开展航空煤油池火灾燃烧特性研究,重点分析了热释放速率、发烟速率、总产烟量和火焰温度等燃烧特性参数的变化规律。结果表明:在根据热释放速率划分的燃烧阶段中,方形油池火灾存在台阶上升阶段,并分析了其产生的机理;相同燃烧面积条件下,方形油池火灾产烟量大,燃烧效率低于圆形油池;油池火灾火焰轴向温度分布的测试结果与前人结论吻合较好,总体呈中下部根部上部的趋势,且方形油池的燃烧温度低于圆形油池。实验为有效预防和快速控制多尺度形状的航煤油池火灾提供了参考。     

电缆高辐射热通量下燃烧性能实验研究

利用锥形量热仪对国产典型PVC电缆进行实验研究,分析其在高辐射热通量条件下的热释放速率（HRR）、质量损失速率（MLR）、比消光面积（SEA）、CO产率、火灾性能指数（FPI）、点燃时间（TTI）随直径的变化规律,以及不同热辐射通量对这些燃烧参数的影响。实验结果表明：在相同实验条件下,PVC电缆的HRR、MLR、SEA、CO产率均随直径的增大而增大,FPI随直径的增大而减小,火灾危险性增大;电缆直径的变化对点燃时间影响不大;随着热辐射通量的增大,PVC电缆的点燃时间缩短,HRR、MLR增大,其峰值也增大,烟释放速率（SPR）和总烟释放量（TSR）增加,FPI减小,火灾危险性增大。     

闸刀开关过载火灾危险性研究

通过实验研究了不同类型的闸刀开关在不同过负荷电流条件下的温度上升情况,测量了闸刀开关在两类过负荷条件下的最高温度以及达到最高温度需要的时间,并对影响闸刀开关温度升高的因素以及达到最高温度时能否引燃周围可燃物进行了分析讨论。实验结果显示,闸刀开关在Ⅱ类过负荷条件下的火灾危险性远大于在Ⅰ类过负荷条件下的火灾危险性。在同类过负荷电流条件下,闸刀开关的额定电流越大,过负荷倍数越大,火灾危险性也越大。     

香烟引燃瓦楞纸包装箱的实验研究

为考查燃着的香烟对瓦楞纸包装箱的引燃能力,以一起仓库火灾的调查认定为线索开展了香烟引燃瓦楞纸包装箱的实验研究.考查烟头放置位置以及烟头长度对引燃能力的影响,得出了两种实验条件6种组合情况下瓦楞纸包装箱烟雾产生时间和引燃时问,最后得出了烟头对瓦楞纸包装箱具有燃能力,且引燃时同一般在20 ～40 min内的结论,对类似火灾的调查工作具有一定的借鉴作用.     

航天服静电放电点燃能力实验研究

人—航天服系统产生的静电放电能否引燃航天服关系到载人航天飞机的安全性。通过实验研究了在纯氧和普通大气条件下 ,静电放电对各种航天服的引燃能力。实验表明 ,在普通大气条件下 ,静电放电不能引燃航天服材料。在纯氧条件下 ,点燃航天服材料所需的静电能量与静电放电的模型有关 ,机器模型的引燃能力最强。静电放电航天服点燃航天服材料所需的最小能量为 4 8mJ。     

Controllable combustion behaviors of the laser-controlled solid propellant

Microsatellites have been widely applied in the fields of communication,remote sensing,navigation and science exploration due to its characteristics of low cost,flexible launch mode and short development period.However,conventional solid-propellant have difficulties in starting and interrupting combustion because combustion is autonomously sustained after ignition.Herein,we proposed a new type of solid-propellant named laser-controlled solid propellant,which is sensitive to laser irradiation and can be started or interrupted by switching on/off the continuous wave laser.To demonstrate the feasibility and investigate the controllable combustion behaviors under different laser on/off conditions,the combus-tion parameters including burning rate,ignition delay time and platform pressure were tested using pressure sensor,high-speed camera and thermographic camera.The results showed that the increase of laser-on or laser-off duration both will lead to the decrease of propellant combustion performance during re-ignition and re-combustion process.This is mainly attributed to the laser attenuation caused by the accumulation of combustion residue and the change of chamber ambient temperature.Simultaneously,the multiple ignition tests revealed that the increased chamber ambient temperature after combustion can make up for the energy loss of laser attenuation and expansion of chamber cavity.However,the laser-controlled combustion performance of solid propellant displayed a decrease trend with the addi-tion of ignition times.Nevertheless,the results still exhibited good laser-controlled agility of laser-controlled solid propellant and manifested its inspiring potential in many aspects of space missions.     

Hazard evaluation of ignition sensitivity and explosion severity for three typical MH2 (M＝Mg,Ti, Zr) of energetic materials

MgH2, TiH2, and ZrH2 are three typical metal hydrides that have been gradually applied to composite explosives and propellants as additives in recent years. To evaluate ignition sensitivity and explosion severity, the Hartmann device and spherical pressure vessel were used to test ignition energy and ex-plosion pressure, respectively. The results showed that the ignition sensitivity of ZrH2, TiH2 and MgH2 gradually increased. When the concentration of MgH2 is 83.0 g/m3 in Hartmann device, the ignition energy attained a minimum of 10.0 mJ. The explosion pressure of MgH2 were 1.44 times and 1.76 times that of TiH2 and ZrH2, respectively, and the explosion pressure rising rate were 3.97 times and 9.96 times that of TiH2 and ZrH2, respectively, through the spherical pressure vessel. It indicated that the reaction reactivity and reaction rate of MgH2 were higher than that of TiH2 and ZrH2. In addition, to conduct in-depth theoretical analysis of ignition sensitivity and explosion severity, gas production and combus-tion heat per unit mass of ZrH2, TiH2 and MgH2 were tested by mercury manometer and oxygen bomb calorimetry. The experimental results revealed that MgH2 had a relatively high gas production per unit mass (5.15 mL/g), while TiH2 and ZrH2 both had a gas production of less than 2.0 mL/g. Their thermal stability gradually increased, leading to a gradual increase in ignition energy. Furthermore, compared with theoretical combustion heat, the combustion ratio of MgH2, TiH2 and ZrH2 was more than 96.0%, with combustion heat value of 29.96, 20.94 and 12.22 MJ/kg, respectively, which was consistent with the explosion pressure and explosion severity test results.     

煤油超音速燃烧的试验研究

在地面直连式试车台上,研究了煤油碳氢燃料超燃冲压发动机的点火燃烧性能。通过测量模型发动机壁面压力分布,比较了不同工况下的煤油点火燃烧性能。试验结果表明,在当量比为0.27～1.46的大范围内,煤油在超燃冲压模型发动机中能够成功点火,支板和凹腔对煤油在超声速气流中的点火及稳定燃烧有重要作用,少量氢气的喷入对煤油的点火燃烧有良好的促进作用。太厚的支板、过高的当量比、模型发动机第一级燃烧室加入燃料过多会使发动机壅塞,影响隔离段的正常工作,进而影响加热器喷管工作。     

空气/煤油/水燃气发生器点火特性试验研究

燃气发生器是超燃冲压发动机地面试验系统中的关键设备,为提高系统安全性和经济性设计了空气/煤油/水燃气发生器,在富燃状态下进行了一系列点火试验,试验结果表明：该型燃气发生器,实现可靠点火的余氧系数下限为0.51;水的加入使得化学反应速率和火焰传播速度降低,燃气发生器点火和火焰稳定困难,提高余氧系数可以提高点火可靠性。同时水的加入容易引起燃烧不稳定,通过提高余氧系数可消除低频不稳定燃烧。     

Combustion of B4C/KNO3 binary pyrotechnic system

Presented herein is an experimental study on the combustion of B4C/KNO3 binary pyrotechnic system.Combustion products were tested using X-ray diffraction(XRD),scanning electron microscopy(SEM),and energy dispersive spectrometer(EDS).According to the results of tests and CEA calculation,the combustion reaction equation was established.The flames and burning rates were recorded by a high speed camera and a spectrophotometer.The effect of B4C particle size on the thermal sensitivity of B4C/KNO3 was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry(DSC)techniques.In addition,a reliable method for calculating the flame temperature was proposed.Based on the results of experiments,the combustion reaction mechanism was briefly analyzed.The burning rate,flame temperature and thermal sensitivity of B4C/KNC3 increase with the decrease of B4C particle size.The mass ratio of B4C/KNO3 has a great effect on combustion properties.Oxidizer-rich compositions have low flame temperatures,low burning rates,and provide green light emission.The combustion reactions of fuel-rich compositions are vigorous,and the B4C/KNO3 with mass ratio of 25:75 has the highest burning rate and the highest flame temperature.     

空气/煤油/水燃气发生器点火特性试验

燃气发生器是超燃冲压发动机地面试验系统中的关键设备,为提高系统安全性和经济性设计了空气/煤油/水燃气发生器,在富燃状态下进行了一系列点火试验,试验结果表明:该型燃气发生器,实现可靠点火的余氧系数下限为0.51;水的加入使得化学反应速率和火焰传播速度降低,燃气发生器点火和火焰稳定困难,提高余氧系数可以提高点火可靠性。同时,水的加入容易引起燃烧不稳定,通过提高余氧系数来消除低频不稳定燃烧。     

Thermodynamics and performance of Al/CuO nanothermite with different storage time

The storage stability of energetic materials is important for its application. Here, the storage stability of Al/CuO nanothermite, which was prepared by electrospray method and stored with different storage time, was systematically researched. The activation energy of Al/CuO nanothermite was calculated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The ignition temperature and the curve pressure history of Al/CuO nanothermite was measured using ignition temperature measuring device and constant-volume pressurization tests, respectively. Further, the thermites were characterized by X-ray Diffractometer (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results show that the morphology of the thermites did not change significantly. The activation energy was decreased from 254.1 kJ/mol to 181.8 kJ/mol after storage for 13 months. When stored for 0, 7 and 13 months, the peak pressures of Al/CuO nanothermite were 685.8 kPa, 626.3 kPa and 625.5 kPa, respectively. In addition to the ignition temperature, it was 775 ℃, 739 ℃ and 754 ℃, respectively. This result indicated that the ignition and combustion properties of Al/CuO nano-thermite are obviously reduced when stored for a long time, at room temperature.     

固冲补燃室团聚硼颗粒燃烧试验

研究团聚硼颗粒在补燃室中的点火燃烧对提高固冲发动机性能具有重要意义。通过试验模拟固冲发动机工作过程的方法,开展了补燃室流场条件下的团聚硼颗粒点火燃烧试验。结合高速火焰图像处理技术和流场参数测量结果,对试验中团聚硼颗粒的点火燃烧状态、火焰结构以及颗粒尺寸变化等进行了分析,获得了补燃室燃气温度和氧气含量等因素对团聚硼颗粒点火燃烧过程的影响机制。对燃烧残渣进行了分析,发现燃烧前后颗粒尺寸变化不大,燃烧过程中高温气流可能进入了颗粒内部并与硼颗粒发生反应。     

Research on 2D Model of Capillary Discharge Plasma

The physical process of capillary discharge in a PE tube utilized in electro-thermal-chemical(ETC)guns was investigated.ETC guns can enhance the ignition and combustion of propellant in order to reduce the ignition delay and increase muzzle velocity of the projectile.A key component in ETC gun is the capillary plasma source.In this paper,a 2D steady state model of discharge was built by using magnetic hydrodynamics method.It took the plasma energy balance,material ablation,mass and momentum conservations in a quasi-neutral plasma region into account.Also,the effect of different compositions and PE concentration distribution were considered.In order to evaluate the validation of this model,the simulation results are compared with former works.