基于视线角速率的自适应滑模导引规律

针对被动导引头仅能提供视线角速率信息,难以构建有效的攻击机动目标的制导律的问题,利用末制导的初始弹目距离及接近速率,首先设计了一种基于滑模理论的制导律。该制导律能够实现对机动目标的有效攻击,但需要已知目标机动能力上限且制导指令存在抖振现象。为了克服上述制导律中的不足,在新制导律中引入了一个自适应参数项,并通过稳定性分析证明了改进后的自适应滑模制导律在理论上的正确性。改进后的制导律一方面降低了初始弹目距离和接近速率的影响,另一方面增强了视线角速率在拦截过程中的作用,这样在仅使用视线角速率的条件下达到了攻击机动目标的目的。最后,通过拦截2种机动目标的仿真结果进一步说明的该制导律的有效性。     

带落角约束的空地导弹滑模末制导律研究

在空地导弹末制导的过程中,为了提高空地导弹的命中精度,追求最佳的打击效果。设计了一种以零化弹-目视线角速率,及终端视线角与期望视线角之差为切换面的带落角约束的空地导弹滑模末制导律。针对空地导弹滑模末制导律的抖振问题,应用径向基函数(RBF)神经网络自适应调整符号项增益的方法来削弱抖振。仿真结果表明该滑模末制导律能够以期望的落角命中目标,且具有良好的制导精度。     

一种有视线角约束的模糊变系数变结构制导律北大核心

针对有末端视线角约束下拦截高速机动目标的场景,设计了一种模糊变系数变结构制导律。提出了一种自适应变结构制导律,制导律可以根据弹目距离自适应调整趋近滑模面的速度;用饱和函数代替制导律中的开关项,有效消除了系统抖振。仿真表明,拦截高速非机动和高速机动目标,提出的变结构制导律均可以满足视线角约束和脱靶量要求,但需用过载较大。为解决需用过载较大的问题,引入模糊控制方法,设计模糊控制器对变结构制导律中的导引系数进行优化,得到了一种模糊变系数变结构制导律,可以满足视线角约束且有效抑制了系统的需用过载。     

时域下空间曲线曲率及挠率问题的研究

空间域下拦截弹制导问题可转化为空间曲线进行研究,由空间曲线论的基本定理可知该曲线的曲率和挠率能够完全确定曲线的性态,由此可通过曲率和挠率的调整来确定拦截弹的制导路径,从而实现对目标弹的有效拦截,基于此思想,将几何中弧长域下的Frenet公式转化为时域下的Frenet公式,并建立了视线运动方程和弹目相对运动方程,在此基础上推导了曲率和挠率的指令公式,相对于比例导引律及大量的现代制导律,采用几何的方法更加直接,为拦截弹制导及相关问题的进一步研究提供了思路.     

一种基于零控脱靶量的滑模末制导律设计

基于零控脱靶量的思想,提出一种能够有效针对大气层再入目标的滑模末制导律.首先,建立纵向平面内的弹目相对运动方程;然后利用扩张状态观测器对目标机动加速度信息进行估计,并对零控脱靶量算法进行分析,提出了制导律的设计思路;接着利用滑模变结构控制理论进行制导律的推导;最后进行仿真分析,仿真结果证明,所设计的制导律能够很好地对目标弹进行拦截,并且指令的跟踪效果也很好,从而验证了算法的有效性.     

自适应二阶滑模制导律

传统基于Lyapunov定理所设计的制导律无法保证制导系统的有限时间收敛.基于滑模控制理论,给出了一种二阶滑模有限时间收敛方法,并将该方法与机动目标拦截情形相结合,进行制导律的设计.该制导律首项使得视线转率趋于0,而扩展项可满足视线成型,滑模面的有限时间收敛等特性.针对2种典型的目标机动形式进行了仿真研究,结果表明该滑模制导律可以实现目标的有效拦截,满足上述特性.     

一种适用于拦截高速目标的末段导引律

基于在视线坐标系中的导弹-目标相对运动模型,以控制导弹-目标视线角速度趋于零为基本思想,设计了一种末制导律,用于拦截高超声速目标。以脱靶量和能量消耗为约束条件,以目标无机动时有很好的性能为目的,首先设计了最优制导律;然后,基于滑模控制理论,选择合适的滑模趋近律,对所设计的最优制导律进行改进得到最优滑模制导律;用李雅普诺夫理论证明了该制导律的稳定性,分析了该制导律参数选择条件。仿真结果表明,与最优制导律相比,所设计的制导律对目标机动有较强的鲁棒性,能以直接碰撞的方式拦截高超声速目标。     

基于微分几何的拦截弹制导律研究?

针对战术导弹的拦截问题,根据质点微分几何运动学在弧长系下及在时域内的关系,将弧长系下的微分几何制导律应用到实际的TBM拦截过程中,得到了空间中时域内的微分几何制导律以及相应的过载指令。根据拦截过程中目标的不同机动方式,采用微分几何制导与比例导引进行了仿真对比与分析,得到了两种导引律下的脱靶量与拦截时间。仿真结果表明,微分几何制导律能够在拦截过程中降低视线角速度并使其趋于稳定,在拦截开始其过载需求较大并逐渐降低至接近0,脱靶量及拦截时间都小于比例导引律,采用微分几何制导律能够在更短时的时间内进行精确拦截。     

一种新的有限时间收敛的末制导律设计

针对机动目标的三维拦截问题,提出了一种基于有限时间收敛的新型末制导律设计方法。首先针对三维弹目相对运动学模型,提出了末制导律设计的基本设计原则和要求。其次,提出了一种新的非线性积分型Terminal滑模面,避免了传统Terminal滑模的奇异问题。并针对弹目相对学模型,设计一种具有鲁棒性的积分型Terminal滑模制导律,同时基于李亚普诺夫稳定性理论严格证明了在该制导律作用下,不仅可以达到零化弹目视线角速率的要求,而且也保证了末制导系统在有限时间的稳定性。最后通过对目标机动的拦截仿真,与比例导引律相比,不仅具有更高制导精度,而且也实现了制导系统有限时间的稳定。     

真比例导引律的降维分析方法

提出了三维真比例导引律的降维分析方法。首先研究视线的运动规律,提出了视线的两种旋转角速度及其计算方法,建立了视线运动方程与新的弹目相对运动方程。其次通过对弹目相对运动的分析,发现在三维空间中存在视线瞬时旋转平面,可以在该平面内构造二维制导律,以应用于三维拦截问题的制导控制。然后将空间真比例导引律不加任何近似与线性化直接引入视线瞬时旋转平面,使其维度从三维降为二维,并对其制导特性进行了分析。最后通过仿真对比分析,验证了真比例导引律降维分析方法的有效性。     

Helping hands: civil–military cooperation and Italy's military operation abroad

In the Post-Bipolar Era the growing complexity of the military operations requires a new approach for the resolution of international crises. Since the end of the Cold War, peace support operations (PSO) have become the mainstay and principal occupation of most Western armies. At the same time, Italy has been one of the most important actors in such an area. The article focuses on the cooperation between military and civil components (a process called CIMIC) as a key variable in the Italian PSOs. We will analyse in detail the main lessons learned from past military interventions as well as the general context in which new tendencies are taking place. The maintaining of a minimum security frame becomes essential to fulfil activities ‘collateral’ to the mission: reconstructing services and infrastructure, food distribution, water and medication, law and order, de-mining, training of local forces, and supporting local institutions. These are the main tasks to obtain thrust and support from the population.     

Terrorism,insurgency, kidnapping,and security in Africa's energy sector

Energy continues to serve as the bedrock of modern economies and the main driver of modern society. For Africa, the production and supply of energy resources such as crude oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, biomass, biofuels and other renewables are an important source of employment, rents, taxes, royalties and profits. This sector brings in several tens of billions of dollars of revenue annually. The production and delivery of such resources, however, depend on critical infrastructures such as pipelines, refineries, processing plants, terminals, rigs, electrical energy pylons, substations, pump stations, vessels, and tankers. These infrastructures have been attacked by terrorists, insurgents, vandals and saboteurs, all of whom see them as targets against which to register their grievances and extract concessions from the state. This paper is a chronological account of some of the documented incidents of terrorism, insurgency, kidnapping, destruction, sabotage, and human casualties suffered in the oil and gas sectors in Africa between 1999 and 2012. It is based on data extracted from the databases of the RAND Database of World Terrorism Incidents and the University of Maryland's Global Terrorism Database (GTD).     

Tacit support for terrorism: The rapprochement between the USSR and Palestinian guerrilla organizations following the 1967 war

This article demonstrates the inconsistent and wavering Soviet attitude towards national liberation movements in general and the Palestinian organizations in particular. Until the late 1960s, the Soviets viewed these organizations with suspicion, hesitating to engage in political dialogue with them. However, in the 1970s, political and military events in the region, as well as modifications in the Kremlin's Cold War strategies, led to a general shift towards the Middle East in Soviet foreign policy. Soviet leaders showed increased willingness to provide certain Palestinian organizations with arms with which to conduct terrorist activities against Israeli, pro-Israeli, Jewish and Western targets. The article explores the complex relations between Palestinian organizations and the USSR in the field of international terror. The study also exposes and analyzes the nature and content of Soviet–Palestinian arms dialogues and transactions. It provides clear evidence that Soviet policymakers and other luminaries were fully informed of, and sometimes directly involved in, these transactions and dialogues at the highest levels.     

A1 Qaeda and the radical Islamic challenge to western strategy

The September 11 global crisis prompted by the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon raises major questions concerning the nature and trajectory of terrorism in the post-Cold War global order. Hitherto, terrorism has been largely debated by analysts at the level of nation states. Terrorist and insurgent movements have also been largely anchored in nationalist and ethnic power bases even when they have sought to mobilise a transnational ideological appeal on religious or class grounds. There have been a few exceptions to this pattern such as the alliance between the German Baader-Meinhof group and the Japanese Red Army Faction, but even such international alliances as this did not, until at least the 1980s, presage anything like a global terrorist network necessitating a global strategic response. This study examines terrorism and global strategic responses.     

Reviews

Douglas S. Derrer, We Are All the Target: A Handbook of Terrorism Avoidance and Hostage Survival. Annapolis, MD: US Naval Institute Press, 1992. Pp. x+135, notes, index. $14.95. ISBN 01–55750–150–5

Ian Knight, Zulu: Isandlwana and Rorke's Drift, 22–23 January 1879. London: Windrow & Greene, 1992. Pp.136, 150 illus., incl 8 colour plates, maps, biblio. £35. ISBN 1–872004–23–7

Ian Knight, By the Orders of the Great White Queen: Campaigning in Zululand through the Eyes of the British Soldiers, 1879. London: Greenhill Books and Novato: Presidio Press, 1992. Pp. 272, 17 illus., 1 map. £18.95. ISBN 1–85367–122–3

Manfried Rauchensteiner and Erwin A. Schmidl (eds.), Formen des Krieges: vom Mittelalter zum ‘Low‐intensity’ Conflict’. Graz : Verlag Styria, 1991. Pp.208. DM35. ISBN 3–22–12139–7

Harold J. Kearsley, Maritime Power and the Twenty‐First Century. Dartmouth: Dartmouth Publishing Company, Limited, 1992. Pp.xv + 203, 13 diagrams, index. £32.50. ISBN 1–85521–288–9     

Helping hands: external support for the KNU insurgency in Burma

This article analyses to what extent the Burmese KNU insurgency made use of external support from states, refugees, and diasporas. Based on extensive fieldwork it is concluded that support from neighbouring states and refugees has for years kept the Karen rebellion alive. Western countries perceived forms of resistance to the illegitimate Burmese regime as just and have therefore played a crucial role in the continuation of conflict in Karen State. It is important that policymakers and donors as well as executing organizations continue to reflect critically on the way they exercise their work.     

基于GTST-DMLD-ESD的装备RMS建模仿真

装备的RMS是装备的重要设计参数,是影响战备完好和保障能力的关键因素.引入GTST-DMLD作为主要建模工具,建立起装备系统的RMS描述模型,以ESD为补充和扩展,对维修过程进行建模.并以GTST-DMLD-ESD模型作为装备RMS仿真的核心,对装备RMS仿真模型的总体框架进行了研究,并对各模块进行了较为详细的探讨.     

Panjwai: a tale of two COINs in Afghanistan

The US Army has two approaches to counterinsurgency operations in Afghanistan. One is hard, or combat-focused, and the other is soft, or development-focused. This study examines two US Army task forces deployed to Panjwai District, Afghanistan from 2012 to 2013. CTF 4-9 and 1-38 offer a meaningful comparison because they pursued these contrasting approaches among the same population and against the same enemy at the same time and place. The study compares each unit’s approach and finds that neither approach was successful absent the other. The article concludes by recommending further research into combining the approaches at the operational level.