基于纤维方向的C/SiC复合材料端面磨削实验研究

采用小直径金刚石砂轮对气相渗硅反应烧结工艺(Gaseous Si Infiltration,GSI)方法制备的C/Si C复合材料进行了端面磨削实验研究,探究了不同纤维方向的磨削性能,讨论了磨削用量对磨削力和磨削表面粗糙度的影响规律,采用扫描电子显微镜(Scanning Electron Microscope,SEM)对磨削表面形貌进行观测,分析了磨削损伤和磨削加工机理。结果表明:C/Si C复合材料不同纤维方向磨削性能不同,正常纤维方向磨削力最大,粗糙度最小;纵向纤维方向磨削力最小,粗糙度最大。材料以脆性断裂形式去除,磨削面损伤主要为纤维断裂、分层,Si C基体微裂纹,界面层失粘。通过理论分析推测碳纤维层主要作用是减弱微裂纹扩展程度和改变微裂纹扩展方向。     

混凝土本构描述的几个问题的探讨

本文简要综述了混凝土本构关系的几种类型,从混凝土的内部结构和工程应用角度讨论了基优缺点,认为当将混凝土的本构描述与其在特定应力状态下的破坏机理相联系,与材料所经历的损伤及其损伤状态相联系。     

复合材料的弹性常数与损伤的直接测试

本文将复合材料细观力学和复合材料微裂纹损伤理论与直接测试方法结合起来,在一次加载条件下直接测得复合材料结构件的弹性常数和损伤变量随外载的变化规律,从而可避免直接测试方法的多次加载的困难。由碳纤维／环氧复合材料圆筒壳的轴压实验的直接测试所得结果比较合理,表明该方法是合理可靠的,特别是在加载条件下直接测得复合材料结构件的损伤发展规律之后,可将复合材料微裂纹损伤理论直接用于工程结构件的动态损伤监测。     

内压作用下复合材料修复裂纹管道的失效分析

为准确评估在内压作用下纤维复合材料修复含裂纹管道的有效性及失效压力,建立复合材料修复后裂纹管道的失效数值模型。该数值模型通过扩展有限元法模拟管道裂纹的扩展,利用cohesive单元模拟胶层的脱粘失效,复合材料的失效通过最大应力失效准则进行判定。通过静水压爆裂试验对所提失效数值模型进行验证,实验结果与数值计算结果具有较好的一致性。失效数值分析结果表明:当内压增大至一定值后,未修复管道的初始裂纹沿轴向及壁厚方向逐渐扩展,进而使得管道内壁单元扩展成真实裂纹,此时真实裂纹贯穿整个壁厚方向,即认为裂纹管道发生爆裂失效,爆裂失效压力随初始裂纹半长呈指数形式下降。复合材料修复裂纹管道的不同修复工况呈现相同的失效模式:在单调递增的内压作用下,管道内表面首先出现黏结裂纹,而后其外表面裂纹张开趋势急剧上升,使得复合材料层应力急剧上升,达到极限强度而失效。且对于不同的初始裂纹尺寸,存在对应的复合材料缠绕层数临界值。     

基于微裂纹模型的材料可靠性预计

讨论了微裂纹的某些不同于大型裂纹的增长特性,提出了一种微裂纹在某种材料上的多级扩展模型,利用微裂纹的增长数据来预计材料的可靠性。     

复合材料修补金属裂损结构吸湿老化的试验与有限元分析

暴露在湿热环境中的复合材料修补金属裂损结构易吸湿老化,导致该结构性能下降,服役寿命缩短。为研究吸湿性对复合材料修补金属裂损结构修补效果和耐久性的影响,利用试验方法分析了吸湿性对复合材料胶补金属裂损结构及胶黏剂力学性能的影响;利用有限元方法评估了吸湿性对复合材料胶补金属裂损结构试验件修补效果和耐久性的影响。研究结果表明:吸湿后含穿透双边裂纹铝合金板玻璃纤维单面胶补试验件的疲劳裂纹扩展寿命和极限载荷的平均值分别下降为吸湿前的71%和90%;吸湿造成拉伸条件下复合材料胶补金属裂损结构胶层失效模式由内聚破坏为主转变为界面破坏为主;在"湿-热"老化30天后,E44/聚酰胺环氧树脂胶黏剂试验件吸水饱和,弹性模量下降为未老化前的40%,塑性应变超过了总应变的25%;有限元分析发现胶层损伤受吸湿影响明显,吸湿性加速了胶层损伤,且裂纹长度越长,加速作用越明显;同时吸湿使得裂纹尖端的J积分值急剧增大,导致修补结构的疲劳裂纹扩展寿命缩短,裂纹长度越长,吸湿性对于复合材料胶接修补效果的危害越严重。     

微结构连续损伤理论

本文从微结构理论出发,用相对变形描述微结构之间的微空隙和微裂纹引起的材料损伤的影响,得到用损伤张量描述的各向异性损伤的微结构连续损伤力学理论。该微结构损伤模型可化简为目前公认的几种主要损伤模型:如J.P. Cordebojs和F. Sidoroff的弹性各向异性损伤模型,D. Krajcino-vic和G.U.Fonseka的脆性材料平面裂纹损伤模型,J. Lemaitre的各向同性损伤理论及Kachanov的以面积减少为变量的损伤模型等。作者运用这一理论对混凝土材料的单向拉、压基本受载情形进行了数值分析,并与D. Krajcinovic的损伤模型计算结果及实验结果作了比较,所得结果与实验值比较吻合,特别是在失稳后阶段给出了较好描述,初步表明了本理论的有效性和实用性。     

夹芯复合材料T型接头侧弯损伤机理及强度特性分析

针对复合材料夹芯板材构件的侧弯承载和坚固连接要求,设计了弧形过渡区增强型T型胶接接头。建立了夹芯复合材料T型接头数值模型,模拟了其在侧弯载荷作用下的损伤产生、扩展及失效过程,并对夹芯复合材料T型接头试件进行了静态侧弯试验。结果表明:接头发生初始损伤的线载荷强度为44~47N/mm,损伤发生后接头的刚度值发生折减(降低约28%~32%),此时接头的承载能力仍在上升;试件界面完全剥离载荷强度较初始损伤线载荷强度略有增加(线载荷强度范围为54~62N/mm)。数值计算与试验结果吻合,表明弧形过渡区是夹芯复合材料T型接头最薄弱的部位,易发生破坏;初始损伤将首先出现在弧形过渡区复合材料表层,随着层间裂纹的扩展,过渡区复合材料与芯材的复合界面处出现剥离破坏并向自由端端部界面扩展,这是导致夹芯复合材料T型胶接接头失效的最主要原因。     

损伤本构模型在边坡工程损伤破坏研究中的应用

从材料破坏机理与规律出发研究结构性土体工程的渐进破坏过程,是实际工程研究的重要方向。针对结构性土的变形特点和传统本构模型解决结构性土体工程渐进破坏过程的不足,采用作者以前提出的结构性土损伤本构模型对边坡工程算例的渐进破坏过程进行模拟分析。算例计算结果分析表明：边坡在破坏过程中会形成一个贯通剪切带,剪切带土体完全损伤;剪切带上方土体损伤相对较小,且有距离剪切带越远损伤越小的趋势;剪切带下方土体损伤也较小,主要因为开挖对其影响很小且处于稳定的坡体内。研究证明,运用结构性土损伤本构模型能较好地解决实际工程损伤破坏问题。     

线粘弹性材料中三维裂纹问题的加料有限元法

将加料有限元法扩展应用于线粘弹性材料三维断裂问题.为了反映裂纹尖端的奇异性,在裂尖附近的奇异区采用若干八节点六面体加料单元和过渡单元,非奇异区采用常规八节点六面体单元.三种单元分区混合使用形成求解域网格划分.基于Boltzmann叠加原理,推导了粘弹性材料的增量型本构关系,进而获得了增量加料有限元列式,并通过附加自由度计算粘弹性介质中裂纹应变能量释放率.数值算例验证了方法的正确性和有效性.     

Helping hands: civil–military cooperation and Italy's military operation abroad

In the Post-Bipolar Era the growing complexity of the military operations requires a new approach for the resolution of international crises. Since the end of the Cold War, peace support operations (PSO) have become the mainstay and principal occupation of most Western armies. At the same time, Italy has been one of the most important actors in such an area. The article focuses on the cooperation between military and civil components (a process called CIMIC) as a key variable in the Italian PSOs. We will analyse in detail the main lessons learned from past military interventions as well as the general context in which new tendencies are taking place. The maintaining of a minimum security frame becomes essential to fulfil activities ‘collateral’ to the mission: reconstructing services and infrastructure, food distribution, water and medication, law and order, de-mining, training of local forces, and supporting local institutions. These are the main tasks to obtain thrust and support from the population.     

Terrorism,insurgency, kidnapping,and security in Africa's energy sector

Energy continues to serve as the bedrock of modern economies and the main driver of modern society. For Africa, the production and supply of energy resources such as crude oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, biomass, biofuels and other renewables are an important source of employment, rents, taxes, royalties and profits. This sector brings in several tens of billions of dollars of revenue annually. The production and delivery of such resources, however, depend on critical infrastructures such as pipelines, refineries, processing plants, terminals, rigs, electrical energy pylons, substations, pump stations, vessels, and tankers. These infrastructures have been attacked by terrorists, insurgents, vandals and saboteurs, all of whom see them as targets against which to register their grievances and extract concessions from the state. This paper is a chronological account of some of the documented incidents of terrorism, insurgency, kidnapping, destruction, sabotage, and human casualties suffered in the oil and gas sectors in Africa between 1999 and 2012. It is based on data extracted from the databases of the RAND Database of World Terrorism Incidents and the University of Maryland's Global Terrorism Database (GTD).     

Tacit support for terrorism: The rapprochement between the USSR and Palestinian guerrilla organizations following the 1967 war

This article demonstrates the inconsistent and wavering Soviet attitude towards national liberation movements in general and the Palestinian organizations in particular. Until the late 1960s, the Soviets viewed these organizations with suspicion, hesitating to engage in political dialogue with them. However, in the 1970s, political and military events in the region, as well as modifications in the Kremlin's Cold War strategies, led to a general shift towards the Middle East in Soviet foreign policy. Soviet leaders showed increased willingness to provide certain Palestinian organizations with arms with which to conduct terrorist activities against Israeli, pro-Israeli, Jewish and Western targets. The article explores the complex relations between Palestinian organizations and the USSR in the field of international terror. The study also exposes and analyzes the nature and content of Soviet–Palestinian arms dialogues and transactions. It provides clear evidence that Soviet policymakers and other luminaries were fully informed of, and sometimes directly involved in, these transactions and dialogues at the highest levels.     

A1 Qaeda and the radical Islamic challenge to western strategy

The September 11 global crisis prompted by the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon raises major questions concerning the nature and trajectory of terrorism in the post-Cold War global order. Hitherto, terrorism has been largely debated by analysts at the level of nation states. Terrorist and insurgent movements have also been largely anchored in nationalist and ethnic power bases even when they have sought to mobilise a transnational ideological appeal on religious or class grounds. There have been a few exceptions to this pattern such as the alliance between the German Baader-Meinhof group and the Japanese Red Army Faction, but even such international alliances as this did not, until at least the 1980s, presage anything like a global terrorist network necessitating a global strategic response. This study examines terrorism and global strategic responses.     

Reviews

Douglas S. Derrer, We Are All the Target: A Handbook of Terrorism Avoidance and Hostage Survival. Annapolis, MD: US Naval Institute Press, 1992. Pp. x+135, notes, index. $14.95. ISBN 01–55750–150–5

Ian Knight, Zulu: Isandlwana and Rorke's Drift, 22–23 January 1879. London: Windrow & Greene, 1992. Pp.136, 150 illus., incl 8 colour plates, maps, biblio. £35. ISBN 1–872004–23–7

Ian Knight, By the Orders of the Great White Queen: Campaigning in Zululand through the Eyes of the British Soldiers, 1879. London: Greenhill Books and Novato: Presidio Press, 1992. Pp. 272, 17 illus., 1 map. £18.95. ISBN 1–85367–122–3

Manfried Rauchensteiner and Erwin A. Schmidl (eds.), Formen des Krieges: vom Mittelalter zum ‘Low‐intensity’ Conflict’. Graz : Verlag Styria, 1991. Pp.208. DM35. ISBN 3–22–12139–7

Harold J. Kearsley, Maritime Power and the Twenty‐First Century. Dartmouth: Dartmouth Publishing Company, Limited, 1992. Pp.xv + 203, 13 diagrams, index. £32.50. ISBN 1–85521–288–9     

Helping hands: external support for the KNU insurgency in Burma

This article analyses to what extent the Burmese KNU insurgency made use of external support from states, refugees, and diasporas. Based on extensive fieldwork it is concluded that support from neighbouring states and refugees has for years kept the Karen rebellion alive. Western countries perceived forms of resistance to the illegitimate Burmese regime as just and have therefore played a crucial role in the continuation of conflict in Karen State. It is important that policymakers and donors as well as executing organizations continue to reflect critically on the way they exercise their work.     

基于GTST-DMLD-ESD的装备RMS建模仿真

装备的RMS是装备的重要设计参数,是影响战备完好和保障能力的关键因素.引入GTST-DMLD作为主要建模工具,建立起装备系统的RMS描述模型,以ESD为补充和扩展,对维修过程进行建模.并以GTST-DMLD-ESD模型作为装备RMS仿真的核心,对装备RMS仿真模型的总体框架进行了研究,并对各模块进行了较为详细的探讨.     

Panjwai: a tale of two COINs in Afghanistan

The US Army has two approaches to counterinsurgency operations in Afghanistan. One is hard, or combat-focused, and the other is soft, or development-focused. This study examines two US Army task forces deployed to Panjwai District, Afghanistan from 2012 to 2013. CTF 4-9 and 1-38 offer a meaningful comparison because they pursued these contrasting approaches among the same population and against the same enemy at the same time and place. The study compares each unit’s approach and finds that neither approach was successful absent the other. The article concludes by recommending further research into combining the approaches at the operational level.