基于随机有限集的传感器网络多目标跟踪

利用有限集统计理论对声学W SN下的多目标跟踪进行了研究。首先利用F ISST理论对声学W SN下的多目标跟踪进行建模,然后利用粒子滤波对随机集最优贝叶斯滤波进行近似,提出了一种新的多目标跟踪方法。在粒子滤波执行过程中,为了有效地平衡计算量和跟踪精度,根据目标数目自适应地调整每一时刻的粒子数目。仿真结果表明在监视区域同时出现目标较少的情况下,算法能够及时发现目标的出现和消失,正确估计目标状态和数目。     

边缘化粒子概率假设密度滤波的多目标跟踪

针对复杂情况下的多目标跟踪问题,提出一种边缘化粒子概率假设密度滤波(MPF-PHD)方法。该方法首先将复杂情况下多个目标的状态向量分别提取出其中的非线性状态与线性状态。然后利用粒子概率假设密度滤波(PF-PHD)估计非线性状态,利用卡尔曼滤波(KF)估计线性状态,并把其中与非线性状态相关的线性状态估计用来优化非线性状态估计。通过对MPF-PHD方法与传统的PF-PHD方法仿真对比,验证了MPF-PHD方法有效解决了复杂情况下多目标跟踪的漏检问题,提高了多目标状态估计精度。     

多因素观测来源不确定的多目标跟踪算法

杂波、低检测概率和目标间观测相互干扰等因素,使得目标观测的来源难以辨别,提出一种基于改进GMPHD滤波的多目标跟踪算法,通过引入目标标记和权重向量,增广了标准GMPHD迭代中目标信息.基于高斯分量合并策略、目标状态估计策略和高斯分量优化策略,能够有效地改善目标状态估计精度和滤波迭代效率.目标跟踪仿真实验结果表明了所提算法的有效性及鲁棒性.     

面向多目标跟踪的PHD滤波多传感器数据融合算法

针对密集杂波环境下单传感器应用高斯混合PHD算法进行多目标跟踪时性能下降的问题,提出一种面向多目标跟踪的PHD滤波多传感器数据融合算法。首先构建了基于高斯混合PHD滤波的多传感器数据融合系统框架,各传感器利用高斯混合PHD滤波算法进行局部状态估计,然后对各传感器的状态估计结果进行关联度计算,最后通过构建自适应混合参数,引入协方差交叉算法对关联状态进行融合。仿真实验表明,与单传感器高斯混合PHD多目标跟踪算法相比,所提算法有效提高了目标数量和状态的估计精度。     

基于观测预测粒子滤波的雷达组网目标状态估计

雷达组网系统跟踪目标时,观测数据与目标跟踪状态成严重非线性关系,难以用卡尔曼滤波最优估计方法,处理非高斯非线性系统滤波估计问题的粒子滤波算法容易产生粒子退化问题。因此,使用观测预测粒子滤波算法解决这个问题,该算法基于观测似然进行重要性采样,结合一步预测信息计算粒子权值,保证了采样粒子处于高观测似然区,并充分利用了一步预测信息。仿真验证表明,将观测预测粒子滤波算法应用于目标状态估计,避免了粒子退化,收敛快,估计精度高。     

基于粒子滤波的复杂背景下的红外运动目标跟踪

粒子滤波是一种处理非线性和非高斯动态系统状态估计的有效技术,针对目标被严重遮挡或有相似干扰等复杂背景情况下红外运动目标跟踪问题,提出了一种基于目标灰度与运动特征的粒子滤波算法。该算法将带有空间信息的灰度模型与带有灰度信息的运动模型进行融合,得到一个联合观测模型,并将其用于粒子滤波跟踪框架。与经典粒子滤波算法相比,文中算法效率略有降低,但跟踪的准确性和鲁棒性却大大增强。     

基于随机集的传感器网络多目标航迹跟踪研究

针对利用有限集统计理论对声学WSN下的多目标跟踪时,无法实现前后两个时刻目标状态的关联问题,利用最近邻方法和粒子标签法对WSN多目标的航迹跟踪问题进行了研究。仿真结果表明,两种算法都能够有效实现对多个目标航迹的跟踪;另外,粒子标签方法进行多目标跟踪时能够同时实现对多目标状态的估计和对多目标航迹的跟踪。     

一种基于BLUE的弹道目标跟踪滤波器

弹道目标跟踪问题中动态方程与观测方程皆为非线性,影响跟踪精度。使用最优线性无偏估计方法可以有效地解决观测的非线性问题,而蒙特卡罗滤波方法适用于目标状态的非线性估计。将快速高斯粒子滤波与最优线性估计方法作了有机结合,通过对典型的弹道目标跟踪模型进行仿真,发现新算法在精度与实时性上优于粒子滤波。     

利用多传感器跟踪机动目标:数据越多总意味着估计越好吗?

在文献中考虑利用多传感器跟踪机动目标一类的问题时,支持特定目标跟踪的传感器数量及类型通常相对于目标假定位置是固定的。然而,在许多多传感器系统中,支持某一特定目标跟踪的传感器数量及类型,可由于各个传感器的机动性、类型及资源的制约而随时变化。这种在传感器系统配置上的变化性,在跟踪机动目标时造成严重的问题,这是由于目标运动模型存在不确定性。卡尔曼滤波器通常用于滤波位置测量,以估计目标的位置,速度和加速度。在设计卡尔曼滤波器时,过程噪声(加速度)方差Qk的如此选定以致于65％到95％的概率区间能包含目标的最大加速度水平。然而,当目标机动时,加速度以一种确定性方式变化。于是,与过程噪声相关的白噪声假设发生偏离,滤波器在目标机动期间产生状态估计偏差。如果选定一个较大的Qk,则在机动时的状态估计偏差较小。但当目标不作机动时,此时的Qk只能粗劣地表征目标运动,而且滤波性能远远偏离最优了。这里,举出了目标在单一坐标系运动的例子,说明了利用多传感器跟踪机动目标存在的问题,从中表明两传感器(在确定条件下,其中包括各传感器的正确配置)具有较之单一传感器更糟糕的跟踪性能。将交互式多模型算法(IMM)应用于该范例中,证明了它是一种解决跟踪滤波器性能问题的潜在方法。     

多帧高斯混合概率假设密度的多目标跟踪算法

针对低检测概率下多目标跟踪时,概率假设密度滤波器难以正确估计当前目标个数以及目标状态问题,提出一种基于多帧融合的高斯混合概率假设密度滤波算法。根据不同时刻目标权值构造目标多帧权值记录集及目标状态抽取标志。当某些时刻目标被漏检时,依据目标状态抽取标志,并结合目标多帧权值记录集中权值信息估计丢失目标的状态。仿真实验表明,算法有效地提高了低检测概率下现有相关算法的目标状态和数目估计精度。     

An Unlikely Alliance: Portuguese and South African Airpower in Angola, 1968–1974

The war that Portugal was obliged to fight in Africa began in 1961 and immediately stretched the resources of its armed forces. Nowhere was this thinness more apparent than in policing the vast territory of Angola. The east and southeast of Angola were particularly vulnerable, as the area was a vast, sparsely populated region characterised by enormous featureless plains or chanas covered in tall grass and broken by an extensive river system and mountainous forests. The only military solution to policing these immense spaces was aviation and specifically the helicopter that could carry troops into battle, protect them with a gunship and bring them home when the operation was concluded. The immediate problem for the Portuguese Air Force (Força Aérea Portuguesa or FAP) in Angola and elsewhere was a scarcity of helicopters. The solution was an alliance with South Africa, which had a strong inventory of Alouette IIIs, to help in policing the east. This move was likewise in the interest of South Africa, as its threat came from Zambia through south-eastern Angola. This article examines the strategic and tactical development of this unusual, cross-cultural alliance and the symbiotic relationship that resulted in destruction of the enemies of both in Angola.     

国内外结构钢焊条研究的现状与发展

本文主要介绍了国外焊条的现状和发展趋势,包括焊条的高韧性、高效率、低尘低毒和耐吸潮性能,为国内的焊条研究提供了参考依据。     

A Sign of Victory?: ‘Scottish Swords’ and Other Weapons in the Possession of the ‘Auld Innemie’

Many late medieval documents, notably inventories of arms and armour, of Englishmen contain references to ‘Scottish swords’ and other weapons. What did the compilers of these documents mean when they described a weapon as ‘Scottish’? How did such weapons come to be in the possession of these men? This article will attempt to explain this phenomenon drawing on primary documentary sources and surviving material culture from Glasgow Museums’ collections and others, as well as artworks from the period.     

Helping hands: civil–military cooperation and Italy's military operation abroad

In the Post-Bipolar Era the growing complexity of the military operations requires a new approach for the resolution of international crises. Since the end of the Cold War, peace support operations (PSO) have become the mainstay and principal occupation of most Western armies. At the same time, Italy has been one of the most important actors in such an area. The article focuses on the cooperation between military and civil components (a process called CIMIC) as a key variable in the Italian PSOs. We will analyse in detail the main lessons learned from past military interventions as well as the general context in which new tendencies are taking place. The maintaining of a minimum security frame becomes essential to fulfil activities ‘collateral’ to the mission: reconstructing services and infrastructure, food distribution, water and medication, law and order, de-mining, training of local forces, and supporting local institutions. These are the main tasks to obtain thrust and support from the population.     

Terrorism,insurgency, kidnapping,and security in Africa's energy sector

Energy continues to serve as the bedrock of modern economies and the main driver of modern society. For Africa, the production and supply of energy resources such as crude oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, biomass, biofuels and other renewables are an important source of employment, rents, taxes, royalties and profits. This sector brings in several tens of billions of dollars of revenue annually. The production and delivery of such resources, however, depend on critical infrastructures such as pipelines, refineries, processing plants, terminals, rigs, electrical energy pylons, substations, pump stations, vessels, and tankers. These infrastructures have been attacked by terrorists, insurgents, vandals and saboteurs, all of whom see them as targets against which to register their grievances and extract concessions from the state. This paper is a chronological account of some of the documented incidents of terrorism, insurgency, kidnapping, destruction, sabotage, and human casualties suffered in the oil and gas sectors in Africa between 1999 and 2012. It is based on data extracted from the databases of the RAND Database of World Terrorism Incidents and the University of Maryland's Global Terrorism Database (GTD).     

Cyberpower in Strategic Affairs: Neither Unthinkable nor Blessed

Abstract

This article explores the effect of connectivity on strategic affairs. It argues that the effect on war's character is potentially, although not yet shown in practice, considerably large. Its effect upon the distribution of power among states in the international system is small, contrary to the claims of ‘cyberwar’ alarmists. All told, however, its effect upon strategic affairs is complex. On the one hand, it represents a significant advance in the ‘complexification’ of state strategies, understood in the sense of the production of intended effects. On the other hand, strategists today – still predominantly concerned with the conflicts and confrontations of states and organised military power – are generally missing the power which non-traditional strategic actors, better adapted to the network flows of the information age, are beginning to deploy. These new forms of organization and coercion will challenge the status quo.     

Tacit support for terrorism: The rapprochement between the USSR and Palestinian guerrilla organizations following the 1967 war

This article demonstrates the inconsistent and wavering Soviet attitude towards national liberation movements in general and the Palestinian organizations in particular. Until the late 1960s, the Soviets viewed these organizations with suspicion, hesitating to engage in political dialogue with them. However, in the 1970s, political and military events in the region, as well as modifications in the Kremlin's Cold War strategies, led to a general shift towards the Middle East in Soviet foreign policy. Soviet leaders showed increased willingness to provide certain Palestinian organizations with arms with which to conduct terrorist activities against Israeli, pro-Israeli, Jewish and Western targets. The article explores the complex relations between Palestinian organizations and the USSR in the field of international terror. The study also exposes and analyzes the nature and content of Soviet–Palestinian arms dialogues and transactions. It provides clear evidence that Soviet policymakers and other luminaries were fully informed of, and sometimes directly involved in, these transactions and dialogues at the highest levels.     

A1 Qaeda and the radical Islamic challenge to western strategy

The September 11 global crisis prompted by the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon raises major questions concerning the nature and trajectory of terrorism in the post-Cold War global order. Hitherto, terrorism has been largely debated by analysts at the level of nation states. Terrorist and insurgent movements have also been largely anchored in nationalist and ethnic power bases even when they have sought to mobilise a transnational ideological appeal on religious or class grounds. There have been a few exceptions to this pattern such as the alliance between the German Baader-Meinhof group and the Japanese Red Army Faction, but even such international alliances as this did not, until at least the 1980s, presage anything like a global terrorist network necessitating a global strategic response. This study examines terrorism and global strategic responses.