球形光电成像系统空间目标跟踪的转台控制

针对光电成像跟踪系统需要超大视场及高机械集成度以满足航空设备对重量和体积的特殊需求,采用球形步进电机作为光电成像跟踪转台的执行机构,提出一种空间目标跟踪的转台控制方法。首先将空间目标的位置转换为三维转动群的群元,群元采用四元数作为三维旋转的数据结构,然后构建转台在空间步进旋转的路径图,并设计在不同空间位置下的目标跟踪方法,仿真结果表明球形转台控制方法进行目标跟踪的有效性,转台可以较快地搜索到通往目标位置的最佳路径,从而实现目标跟踪,跟踪误差取决于目标的具体位置,同时光电传感器在系统存在扰动时进行重新定位有着重要的意义。     

双基地逆合成孔径雷达成像平面分析

主要分析了双基地逆合成孔径雷达的成像平面.基于双基地SAR成像平面分析,双基地目标旋转矢量分析两种方法,分别建立了两种不同的双基地ISAR成像平面模型.为验证模型正确性,分别将两种模型应用于双基地转台成像分析,并预测成像结果.基于BP算法的双基地转台点目标成像仿真表明,旋转矢量分析法建立模型的分析结果与仿真结果完全吻合...     

实时双模光电跟踪系统设计

基于凝视红外成像理论、电视摄像理论及自动目标跟踪算法的最新进展,提出了一种实时双模光电跟踪系统,论述了该系统的组成和工作原理以及实现的功能,并阐述了系统各组成部分的主要设计思想,给出主要技术指标的估算方法以作为系统设计的理论依据,同时也可作为系统综合性能的评估标准。     

空间光通信粗瞄系统的扰动估计与补偿

粗瞄系统以直流力矩电机驱动二维转台为执行机构,通过粗瞄控制器对其进行控制。对系统受到的扰动进行分析,应用了最速跟踪微分器提取速度信号;以二维转台的方位轴为控制对象,在其位置环、速度环采用级联线性自抗扰控制器,通过线性扩张状态观测器主动补偿扰动,达到内外环双重隔离扰动的目的,提高跟踪精度;之后进行了实验分析。分析结果表明:在加入同样的模拟扰动信号,输入2 Hz,5 Hz和8 Hz的正弦信号时,与比例、微分、积分控制器相比,跟踪误差的标准差约降低50%;验证了线性扩张状态观测器具有扰动补偿效果;在输入不同频率正弦信号时,自抗扰控制器对输入信号频率的变化不敏感,仍能保证较高的跟踪精度。     

基于实测光电跟踪仪误差的分布检验及应用

对光电跟踪仪跟踪误差特性分析是进行精度试验数据分析处理的前提基础。为了研究光电跟踪仪对空中目标角跟踪测量误差的分布规律,综合采用偏峰度联合检验即Jarque-Bera法和Kolmogorov-Smirnov非参数统计方法,对实测误差数据进行分布检验。检测结果表明光电跟踪仪角度测量误差中远端区段符合正态分布,近区测量误差80%航次不符合正态分布。所得结论为光电跟踪仪精度试验设计和数据处理算法的确定提供了科学依据。     

跟踪微分器在光电火控系统中的应用

光电火控系统主要由光电跟踪系统、火控计算机、火炮随动系统组成,光电跟踪系统视频取差器的滞后特性以及火炮随动系统的不平稳性,直接制约着光电火控系统精确跟踪并打击目标的性能。针对上述问题,介绍了非线性跟踪微分器的原理,利用其滤波特性和微分信号提取特性,创造性地提出将其应用于光电火控系统中。仿真和工程试验证明,采用非线性跟踪微分器的系统,在跟踪精度上有明显的提升。     

舰载光电系统粗跟踪分析

针对舰载激光武器光电跟踪系统对精度要求很高的问题,对光电跟踪系统粗跟踪误差源进行了详细的分析。论述了舰载激光武器光电跟踪系统对目标的跟踪过程,探讨了影响光电跟踪系统粗跟踪性能的各种因素,最后分析了舰船运动对跟踪误差的影响。文中给出了舰载光电跟踪系统粗跟踪的主要误差源,并介绍了一种稳定舰载光电跟踪仪视轴的有效方法。     

卡尔曼滤波器和跟踪微分器在光电跟踪系统中的应用

光电跟踪系统通常采用跟踪偏差反馈闭环控制,若同时采用速度前馈复合控制可以有效提高系统跟踪精度,分别使用了卡尔曼滤波器和跟踪微分器两种算法求取跟踪速度信号,通过仿真分析和工程应用,确认卡尔曼滤波器求取的速度信号更准确,噪声更小,更适合于光电跟踪系统的前馈复合控制。     

多旋翼无人机AHRS系统矢量乘积误差PI跟踪算法

针对多旋翼无人机对低成本姿态航向参考系统的实际需求,设计并实现了一种姿态航向参考系统。该系统采用陀螺仪积分出的载体姿态和已知的地球重力矢量,解算出地球重力矢量在载体系下的投影和加速度计测量出的地球重力矢量的矢量乘积结果作为水平姿态角的误差表征数值,并采用比例积分跟踪算法进行误差跟踪反馈,实现了准确的水平姿态角跟踪测量。利用陀螺仪积分出的姿态和已知的地球磁场信息,解出地球磁场矢量在载体系下的投影与磁力计测量的地球磁场矢量乘积结果作为航向误差角的误差表征数值,并采用比例积分跟踪算法进行误差跟踪反馈实现了对航向角的跟踪。转台实验表明:该系统水平姿态角跟踪精度约为1°,与EKF算法相比,运算速度提升了80%且精度好于EKF算法。     

红外捕获跟踪设备注入式闭环仿真试验逼真度

提出了一种数字图像注入式红外捕获跟踪设备跟踪性能的闭环仿真测试方法。建立了评价注入式仿真试验和实际工作2种状态下设备伺服控制回路性能一致性的指标体系,给出了一致性评估方法,分别采用理论分析、光电活动靶标跟踪和实际飞行试验得到了2种状态下跟踪性能一致性/逼真度。结果表明:目标捕获和跟踪阶段的逼真度分别为90%和96%;在同一输入目标条件下,理论分析、注入式仿真试验和跟踪光电活动靶标时的跟踪误差最大值分别为3.21',3.54'和3.12',实际飞行试验与注入式仿真试验的脱靶量均方根分别为5.7″和5.27″,说明2种状态下设备跟踪性能一致性较好,为红外捕获跟踪设备快速形成数字图像注入式闭环试验鉴定能力打下了坚实基础。     

Terrorism,insurgency, kidnapping,and security in Africa's energy sector

Energy continues to serve as the bedrock of modern economies and the main driver of modern society. For Africa, the production and supply of energy resources such as crude oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, biomass, biofuels and other renewables are an important source of employment, rents, taxes, royalties and profits. This sector brings in several tens of billions of dollars of revenue annually. The production and delivery of such resources, however, depend on critical infrastructures such as pipelines, refineries, processing plants, terminals, rigs, electrical energy pylons, substations, pump stations, vessels, and tankers. These infrastructures have been attacked by terrorists, insurgents, vandals and saboteurs, all of whom see them as targets against which to register their grievances and extract concessions from the state. This paper is a chronological account of some of the documented incidents of terrorism, insurgency, kidnapping, destruction, sabotage, and human casualties suffered in the oil and gas sectors in Africa between 1999 and 2012. It is based on data extracted from the databases of the RAND Database of World Terrorism Incidents and the University of Maryland's Global Terrorism Database (GTD).     

Helping hands: civil–military cooperation and Italy's military operation abroad

In the Post-Bipolar Era the growing complexity of the military operations requires a new approach for the resolution of international crises. Since the end of the Cold War, peace support operations (PSO) have become the mainstay and principal occupation of most Western armies. At the same time, Italy has been one of the most important actors in such an area. The article focuses on the cooperation between military and civil components (a process called CIMIC) as a key variable in the Italian PSOs. We will analyse in detail the main lessons learned from past military interventions as well as the general context in which new tendencies are taking place. The maintaining of a minimum security frame becomes essential to fulfil activities ‘collateral’ to the mission: reconstructing services and infrastructure, food distribution, water and medication, law and order, de-mining, training of local forces, and supporting local institutions. These are the main tasks to obtain thrust and support from the population.     

Tacit support for terrorism: The rapprochement between the USSR and Palestinian guerrilla organizations following the 1967 war

This article demonstrates the inconsistent and wavering Soviet attitude towards national liberation movements in general and the Palestinian organizations in particular. Until the late 1960s, the Soviets viewed these organizations with suspicion, hesitating to engage in political dialogue with them. However, in the 1970s, political and military events in the region, as well as modifications in the Kremlin's Cold War strategies, led to a general shift towards the Middle East in Soviet foreign policy. Soviet leaders showed increased willingness to provide certain Palestinian organizations with arms with which to conduct terrorist activities against Israeli, pro-Israeli, Jewish and Western targets. The article explores the complex relations between Palestinian organizations and the USSR in the field of international terror. The study also exposes and analyzes the nature and content of Soviet–Palestinian arms dialogues and transactions. It provides clear evidence that Soviet policymakers and other luminaries were fully informed of, and sometimes directly involved in, these transactions and dialogues at the highest levels.     

A1 Qaeda and the radical Islamic challenge to western strategy

The September 11 global crisis prompted by the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon raises major questions concerning the nature and trajectory of terrorism in the post-Cold War global order. Hitherto, terrorism has been largely debated by analysts at the level of nation states. Terrorist and insurgent movements have also been largely anchored in nationalist and ethnic power bases even when they have sought to mobilise a transnational ideological appeal on religious or class grounds. There have been a few exceptions to this pattern such as the alliance between the German Baader-Meinhof group and the Japanese Red Army Faction, but even such international alliances as this did not, until at least the 1980s, presage anything like a global terrorist network necessitating a global strategic response. This study examines terrorism and global strategic responses.     

Helping hands: external support for the KNU insurgency in Burma

This article analyses to what extent the Burmese KNU insurgency made use of external support from states, refugees, and diasporas. Based on extensive fieldwork it is concluded that support from neighbouring states and refugees has for years kept the Karen rebellion alive. Western countries perceived forms of resistance to the illegitimate Burmese regime as just and have therefore played a crucial role in the continuation of conflict in Karen State. It is important that policymakers and donors as well as executing organizations continue to reflect critically on the way they exercise their work.     

基于GTST-DMLD-ESD的装备RMS建模仿真

装备的RMS是装备的重要设计参数,是影响战备完好和保障能力的关键因素.引入GTST-DMLD作为主要建模工具,建立起装备系统的RMS描述模型,以ESD为补充和扩展,对维修过程进行建模.并以GTST-DMLD-ESD模型作为装备RMS仿真的核心,对装备RMS仿真模型的总体框架进行了研究,并对各模块进行了较为详细的探讨.     

Cyber sheiks and grassroots jihadis: the war in Syria and the devolution of the Bosnian Salafi communities

ABSTRACT

What was the scope of the Bosnian jihadi participation in the war in Syria? Did the Bosnian volunteers tend to join one particular faction? Why did the Bosnian youngsters decide to join the holy war in the Levant? Was this an organized and hierarchical process or was this a grassroots movement? Last, were all the Salafis in Bosnia supportive of this dynamic or did this process cause internal frictions? These are some of the questions that this research will try to answer.     

Country survey XVI the defence sector in the economy of a declining superpower: Soviet Union and Russia, 1965-2001

The Soviet Union was able to develop a large military-industrial complex and become the world's second superpower despite deficiencies in its centrally planned economy because defence was given high priority status and special planning, rationing and administrative mechanisms were used to attain national security objectives. However, in the period 1976-85 the effectiveness of priority protection diminished and defence institutions experienced more of the problems typical of the shortage economic system. The heavy defence burden also created growing difficulties for the civilian economy. The attempts by the Gorbachev government to reform the defence sector and improve defence-economic relationships during perestroika (1985-91) uniformly failed. For most of the transition period, the Russian military-industrial complex has been adversely affected by its low priority status, cuts in defence spending, instability of the hybrid politico-economic system, and negative growth of the economy. The armed forces and defence industry have been reduced in size and their outputs of military services and equipment have fallen to low levels. Nevertheless, the Russian armed forces still have over one million troops, significant stocks of sophisticated conventional weapons, and a large nuclear arsenal. The government of President Putin has raised the priority of the defence sector, increased real defence spending, and adopted ambitious plans to revive Russian military power. It is likely, though, that tight resource constraints will hamper efforts to reform the armed forces and to upgrade weapons. By 2010 Russia will be an important, but not dominant, military power in Eurasia.     

Traffickers,terrorists, and a ‘new security challenge’: Russian counternarcotics strategy and the Federal Service for the Control of the Drugs Trade

The collapse of the Soviet Union precipitated the massive expansion of drug use and trade in Russia. The country now has one of the largest populations of injecting drug users in the world and has become the largest single-country market for Afghan heroin. In 2003 the Federal Service for the Control of the Drugs Trade was created to coordinate a comprehensive counternarcotics strategy appropriate to the scale of this threat. The service continues to face a number of challenges in its early stages of development. However, it has made considerable advances in improving responses to large-scale organised crime and in building international cooperation.