温度应力下的加速度计贮存寿命评定

针对加速度计长期自然贮存于不同温度应力下,试验数据为成败型不完全数据,贮存寿命无法准确评估的难题,运用极小x~2估计和拟合优度检验相结合的方法来拟合产品的失效分布,通过Matlab软件中的fminsearch函数确定了不同温度下的分布参数,采用最小二乘法求解了参数与温度之间的函数关系,提出了该类型加速度计基于不同温度的失效分布函数,并预测了正常温度下贮存寿命为16.8 a。结果表明:提出的加速度计失效分布函数更能反映加速度计在不同温度下的贮存寿命变化规律,在工程研究领域具有一定的实用价值。     

具有参数漂移特征的退化可靠性评估方法

针对具有参数漂移特征的产品,首先采用随机扩散理论描述其参数漂移规律,并建立了参数漂移模型.在此基础上,提出了将参数漂移模型预测与产品寿命分布拟合相结合的可靠性评估方法,即利用参数漂移模型对产品不同时刻的可靠度进行预测,通过适当增加产品可靠性预测点,拟合产品的寿命分布,进而获得产品的可靠性评估结果.该方法充分利用产品参数漂移规律和产品寿命分布规律,可有效提高产品可靠性评估精度.最后,通过实例比较,验证了该方法的可行性和有效性.     

三参数威布尔分布在寿命分析中的参数估计

威布尔分布在可靠性工程中已得到了广泛的应用.在对己给定的寿命试验数据进行可靠性分析与评估中,因简单易解多采用二参数威布尔分布,但参数估计会带来较大误差.对具有以损耗失效为特征的某些机械零部件,采用三参数威布尔分布进行拟合及参数估计,可以得到更高的精度,因而较二参数威布尔分布,更能反映产品可靠性的实际情况.     

考虑外场差异的步进加速寿命数据可靠性评估方法

针对寿命服从双参数Weibull分布的机电产品,进行单应力、定时转换的步进加速寿命试验,研究加速寿命试验数据下的可靠性评估问题。考虑到外场多应力环境与实验室单一应力环境之间的差异性,构建基于修正系数的分布参数计算模型;开展步进加速寿命试验过程的统计分析,建立各应力下的累计分布函数关系;构建极大似然函数,运用数值迭代法,求解未知参数估计;结合某型机电产品进行仿真方案设计,采用Monte Carlo仿真方法产生样本数据,通过对比分析说明所提出的模型评估精度更高。     

相似产品信息在导弹可靠性试验评估中的应用

验前分布的确定是运用Bayes方法进行系统可靠性评估的重要前提.在对导弹系统进行可靠性评估时,大量的相似产品信息是不可忽视的重要验前信息.基于相似产品信息的存在性.研究了利用相似产品的信息采用加权融合确定可靠度验前分布的方法.并针对导弹寿命服从Weibull分布的可靠性试验结果,给出应用Bayes方法评估新导弹系统可靠性的计算公式.最后,通过一个实例证明了该方法的有效性.     

存在工作历程产品的加速寿命试验统计分析

加速寿命试验(ALT)可在较短时间内获得产品的寿命及可靠性信息.利用ALT对产品的剩余寿命进行评估时,常常将已工作过的产品进行抽样并投入试验,在这一类样本的ALT数据统计分析时如何处理初始工作时间,成为ALT应用中的一个重要问题.工程实际中评估此类样本的剩余寿命时常常忽略初始工作时间,将其视为"用后如新"或"无记忆性"产品.但此假设必须以产品寿命服从指数分布为前提,而大部分机电产品的寿命服从Weibull分布,因而该方法在应用时必然会产生较大误差.针对这一问题提出了一种新的基于时间折算的ALT数据统计分析方法,并利用Monte Carlo仿真对其估计特性进行对比研究,结果表明此方法能有效评估存在初始工作历程产品的剩余寿命,估计精度优于原方法.     

寿命分布的参数Bootstrap拟合优度检验方法

拟合优度检验在统计和可靠性等领域具有非常重要的地位,基于参数Bootstrap重采样的思想,对未知参数的常用寿命分布进行拟合优度检验。数值仿真结果表明,相对于传统的经验分布函数检验,这种基于参数Bootstrap的拟合优度检验具有更高的功效,特别是在小样本的情况下,优势明显。     

时变环境下基于加速寿命试验的产品故障预测方法

针对传统可靠性模型及分析方法无法分析产品在时变环境下可靠性的缺陷,提出了时变环境应力下产品可靠性预测方法.引入比例风险模型描述产品可靠性与工作环境因素的关系,结合加速寿命试验数据,利用极大似然估计确定基准失效率函数及各环境因素协变量回归系数.在假设产品工作环境应力转换时间确定的情况下,建立了时变环境下可靠度分析模型.实例验证了该方法的有效性.     

基于退化量分布的某型电连接器寿命预测方法

使用基于退化量分布的方法对某型电连接器进行了寿命预测,得到了其可靠度曲线并预测出其平均寿命为398 895 h。通过对各加速应力水平下所有样品的退化量进行拟合优度检验,得出退化量在各测量时刻最优服从正态分布,进而确定了退化量均值、方差与温度应力之间的关系。为了提高估计精度,使用极大似然法进行整体统计推断获取未知参数的估计值,并基于参数值与温度的关系外推出样品在工作温度下的可靠度函数。通过可靠度曲线的比较,获知样品寿命较好地服从对数正态分布,并基于此进行了平均寿命预测。     

基于平均互信息熵的复杂系统可靠性评定方法

可靠性评定是定量评估系统可靠性水平的重要途径,是对其可靠性进行定量控制的必要手段.某些复杂系统由于研制时间和经费的限制,现场试验样本量极其有限,依赖传统的基于大样本的数理统计方法将难以获得客观结论,因此其可靠性评定一直是工程实践中的技术难题.针对复杂系统可靠性评估和寿命预测时现场样本量不足的问题,提出了一种基于多源信息融合的可靠性评定方法.该方法利用平均互信息熵来度量多源验前信息对可靠性评定不确定性减少所起的作用,以此为依据确定多源信息融合权重,并通过融合验前分布进行复杂系统的可靠性评定,从而减少了评定过程中的主观性,增强了评定结论的可信性.最后通过仿真实例验证了方法的有效性.     

Terrorism,insurgency, kidnapping,and security in Africa's energy sector

Energy continues to serve as the bedrock of modern economies and the main driver of modern society. For Africa, the production and supply of energy resources such as crude oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, biomass, biofuels and other renewables are an important source of employment, rents, taxes, royalties and profits. This sector brings in several tens of billions of dollars of revenue annually. The production and delivery of such resources, however, depend on critical infrastructures such as pipelines, refineries, processing plants, terminals, rigs, electrical energy pylons, substations, pump stations, vessels, and tankers. These infrastructures have been attacked by terrorists, insurgents, vandals and saboteurs, all of whom see them as targets against which to register their grievances and extract concessions from the state. This paper is a chronological account of some of the documented incidents of terrorism, insurgency, kidnapping, destruction, sabotage, and human casualties suffered in the oil and gas sectors in Africa between 1999 and 2012. It is based on data extracted from the databases of the RAND Database of World Terrorism Incidents and the University of Maryland's Global Terrorism Database (GTD).     

Helping hands: civil–military cooperation and Italy's military operation abroad

In the Post-Bipolar Era the growing complexity of the military operations requires a new approach for the resolution of international crises. Since the end of the Cold War, peace support operations (PSO) have become the mainstay and principal occupation of most Western armies. At the same time, Italy has been one of the most important actors in such an area. The article focuses on the cooperation between military and civil components (a process called CIMIC) as a key variable in the Italian PSOs. We will analyse in detail the main lessons learned from past military interventions as well as the general context in which new tendencies are taking place. The maintaining of a minimum security frame becomes essential to fulfil activities ‘collateral’ to the mission: reconstructing services and infrastructure, food distribution, water and medication, law and order, de-mining, training of local forces, and supporting local institutions. These are the main tasks to obtain thrust and support from the population.     

Tacit support for terrorism: The rapprochement between the USSR and Palestinian guerrilla organizations following the 1967 war

This article demonstrates the inconsistent and wavering Soviet attitude towards national liberation movements in general and the Palestinian organizations in particular. Until the late 1960s, the Soviets viewed these organizations with suspicion, hesitating to engage in political dialogue with them. However, in the 1970s, political and military events in the region, as well as modifications in the Kremlin's Cold War strategies, led to a general shift towards the Middle East in Soviet foreign policy. Soviet leaders showed increased willingness to provide certain Palestinian organizations with arms with which to conduct terrorist activities against Israeli, pro-Israeli, Jewish and Western targets. The article explores the complex relations between Palestinian organizations and the USSR in the field of international terror. The study also exposes and analyzes the nature and content of Soviet–Palestinian arms dialogues and transactions. It provides clear evidence that Soviet policymakers and other luminaries were fully informed of, and sometimes directly involved in, these transactions and dialogues at the highest levels.     

A1 Qaeda and the radical Islamic challenge to western strategy

The September 11 global crisis prompted by the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon raises major questions concerning the nature and trajectory of terrorism in the post-Cold War global order. Hitherto, terrorism has been largely debated by analysts at the level of nation states. Terrorist and insurgent movements have also been largely anchored in nationalist and ethnic power bases even when they have sought to mobilise a transnational ideological appeal on religious or class grounds. There have been a few exceptions to this pattern such as the alliance between the German Baader-Meinhof group and the Japanese Red Army Faction, but even such international alliances as this did not, until at least the 1980s, presage anything like a global terrorist network necessitating a global strategic response. This study examines terrorism and global strategic responses.     

Helping hands: external support for the KNU insurgency in Burma

This article analyses to what extent the Burmese KNU insurgency made use of external support from states, refugees, and diasporas. Based on extensive fieldwork it is concluded that support from neighbouring states and refugees has for years kept the Karen rebellion alive. Western countries perceived forms of resistance to the illegitimate Burmese regime as just and have therefore played a crucial role in the continuation of conflict in Karen State. It is important that policymakers and donors as well as executing organizations continue to reflect critically on the way they exercise their work.     

基于GTST-DMLD-ESD的装备RMS建模仿真

装备的RMS是装备的重要设计参数,是影响战备完好和保障能力的关键因素.引入GTST-DMLD作为主要建模工具,建立起装备系统的RMS描述模型,以ESD为补充和扩展,对维修过程进行建模.并以GTST-DMLD-ESD模型作为装备RMS仿真的核心,对装备RMS仿真模型的总体框架进行了研究,并对各模块进行了较为详细的探讨.     

Cyber sheiks and grassroots jihadis: the war in Syria and the devolution of the Bosnian Salafi communities

ABSTRACT

What was the scope of the Bosnian jihadi participation in the war in Syria? Did the Bosnian volunteers tend to join one particular faction? Why did the Bosnian youngsters decide to join the holy war in the Levant? Was this an organized and hierarchical process or was this a grassroots movement? Last, were all the Salafis in Bosnia supportive of this dynamic or did this process cause internal frictions? These are some of the questions that this research will try to answer.     

The UK,interrogation and Iraq, 2003–2008

The UK’s interrogation operations during the conflict in Iraq (2003–2008) are often portrayed by the media as involving significant amounts of mistreatment. This article demonstrates that these practices are not necessarily representative of the UK’s interrogation operations across this conflict. In doing so it contributes to the limited literature on the practice of interrogation and on the UK’s combat operations in Iraq. The UK’s interrogation capability, and therefore its intelligence-gathering capability, is shown to have rested primarily with the military’s Joint Forward Interrogation Team (JFIT). The JFIT suffered from limitations to the number, training and experience of its interrogators and interpreters. It is argued that maintaining a permanent, higher level of preparedness for interrogation by the British armed forces is desirable.     

Remembering and forgetting Mirambo: Histories of war in modern Africa

ABSTRACT

While the study of organised violence is considered essential to understanding the history of the West, and accordingly imbued with various layers of meaning and remembrance, war is widely regarded as inimical to the modern nation in Africa and stable development more broadly. Using examples drawn from primarily from East Africa, this paper considers the ways in which warfare in the deeper (‘precolonial’) past has been framed and envisioned in recent decades, in particular by governments whose own roots lie in revolutionary armed struggle and who began life as guerrilla movements. While in some cases particular elements of the deeper past were indeed mobilised in pursuit of contemporary political goals, in many other scenarios histories of precolonial violence were beheld as problematic and unworthy of remembrance. This paper highlights the paradox and ambiguity which has attended the memory of key aspects of Africa’s deeper past.