自适应鲁棒滤波在机动目标跟踪中的应用研究

随着技术的发展,反舰导弹飞行速度快,机动性强,留给舰艇的反应时间短,因此对跟踪滤波算法要求较高。引入具有实时应用的自适应H_∞滤波器,比较标准卡尔曼滤波而言,这种滤波器对不确定情况有更好的滤波性能。将这种滤波器应用到跟踪算法中,可以对模型不确定性取得良好的滤波效果。仿真结果表明,在高速高机动反舰导弹目标高机动情况下跟踪,该实时滤波算法是有效的。     

机动目标跟踪的非线性算法

卡尔曼滤波器对线性高斯滤波问题能提供最优解, 而对目标运动模型、观测方程等要求的非线性就不再适合,提出了一种机动目标自适应非线性粒子滤波算法-" 粒子滤波器"(Particle Filters PF)法, 这种方法不受线性化误差和高斯噪声假定的限制,适用于任何状态转换或测量模型, 分析比较了粒子滤波(PF)与扩展卡尔曼滤波算法(EKF) 的滤波精度、运算量等方面指标.给出了基于典型非线性模型的算法仿真, 仿真结果表明粒子滤波新方法优于EKF对机动目标跟踪.     

基于球坐标系下BLUE滤波的IMM算法

针对机动目标跟踪中常见的量测转换问题,提出了一种基于球坐标系下最优线性无偏估计滤波的交互多模型算法。该算法的核心思想是将最优线性无偏估计滤波作为交互多模型中的基本滤波,完成对机动目标的跟踪。在仿真试验中,将该算法与基于扩展卡尔曼滤波的交互多模型算法进行比较,结果表明该算法有效地抑制了扩展卡尔曼滤波中常见的滤波发散问题,并且提高了跟踪的精度,具有较好的实用性。     

杂波环境下机动目标跟踪算法研究

杂波环境下的机动目标跟踪问题具有非线性、非高斯、不完全观测的特点,其难点在于观测值与目标的对应关系及每一时刻的运动模式均呈现高度不确定性。文中将多模型理论和辅助粒子滤波算法相结合,提出了一种新的杂波环境下机动目标跟踪算法——多模型辅助粒子滤波算法(MMAPF)。仿真结果表明,该算法与传统的交互多模型——扩展卡尔曼滤波算法、辅助粒子滤波算法相比,在相同的情况下,具有更高的滤波精度和较好总体性能。     

粒子滤波在雷达方位配准中的应用

在多雷达数据处理系统中,雷达本身的系统误差是影响目标跟踪和数据融合质量的一个重要因素,尤其是正北方位误差.针对现有非线性滤波算法收敛性及鲁棒性较差的问题,将粒子滤波算法应用于雷达方位配准.通过与传统的扩展卡尔曼滤波方法仿真比较,结果表明采用粒子滤波的方法解决非线性雷达方位配准模型行之有效,能有效地克服扩展卡尔曼滤波方法中很容易出现的滤波发散问题,且粒子滤波比扩展卡尔曼滤波的估计精度要高.     

临近空间高超声速目标跟踪IMMCPF算法

临近空间高超声速目标具有机动特性强、轨迹变化快、强非线性等特点,在目标跟踪的过程中,易出现跟踪精度降低、滤波发散的问题。针对该问题,提出了一种交互式多模型容积粒子滤波算法。使用交互式多模型算法来对临近空间高超声速目标进行跟踪,使用容积粒子滤波算法对目标进行滤波预测。仿真结果表明,该算法跟踪性能优于交互式多模型卡尔曼滤波算法和交互式多模型粒子滤波算法,对临近空间高超声速目标有更好的跟踪效果。     

基于迭代卡尔曼粒子滤波的目标跟踪算法研究

粒子滤波在基于图像序列的目标跟踪中获得了广泛应用．针对其计算量较大的问题,提出一种迭代卡尔曼粒子滤波算法,将非线性跟踪问题分解为线性子结构的全局状态空间模型和非线性子结构的局部状态空间模型,利用粒子滤波在卡尔曼滤波估计值的局部范围内搜索目标,逼近真实目标状态．将实验结果与粒子滤波进行比较,结果表明,迭代卡尔曼粒子滤波减少了粒子数,降低了计算量,能够对高机动目标进行实时稳定的跟踪．     

非线性滤波方法在水下目标跟踪中的应用

在对扩展卡尔曼滤波、不敏卡尔曼滤波和粒子滤波3种非线性滤波方法进行研究的基础上,对粒子滤波算法的重要性密度函数的选取方法进行了研究。结合水下目标的被动跟踪的应用背景,比较了3种滤波算法在水下目标跟踪中的性能差异。结果表明,粒子滤波算法能较好的用于非线性、非高斯条件下的水下目标跟踪。     

临空高速目标模糊机动检测的IMM-EKPF算法

针对临空高速目标运动状态多变,跟踪困难的问题,将扩展卡尔曼粒子滤波与交互多模算法相结合,提出IMM-EKPF算法,该算法不需要计算雅可比矩阵,能有效求解非线性非高斯环境的机动目标跟踪问题。在此基础上,有效结合模糊机动检测,可以在目标机动和非机动之间转换跟踪算法,以提高跟踪精度,减少计算量。仿真验证该方法在临空高速目标运动状态多变的情况下跟踪效果较好。     

基于Doppler量测的CS-EKF机动目标跟踪平行滤波算法

为提高非线性机动目标跟踪精度,在基于"当前"统计模型(CSM)的扩展卡尔曼滤波(CS-EKF)算法的基础上,提出一种基于多普勒径向速度量测和三维平行滤波的机动目标跟踪算法(CS3D-EKFrv)。该算法通过引入径向速度量测扩充量测矩阵的维数,然后利用扩展卡尔曼滤波(EKF)方法解决量测方程中状态向量和量测向量的非线性问题,最后采用"当前"统计模型对目标的三维状态进行平行滤波估计,解决三坐标轴上机动强度不一致的问题。对CS-EKF,CS3D-EKF及CS3D-EKFrv算法的仿真结果和实测数据检验表明,CS3D-EKFrv算法能够有效改善机动目标的跟踪精度。     

Helping hands: civil–military cooperation and Italy's military operation abroad

In the Post-Bipolar Era the growing complexity of the military operations requires a new approach for the resolution of international crises. Since the end of the Cold War, peace support operations (PSO) have become the mainstay and principal occupation of most Western armies. At the same time, Italy has been one of the most important actors in such an area. The article focuses on the cooperation between military and civil components (a process called CIMIC) as a key variable in the Italian PSOs. We will analyse in detail the main lessons learned from past military interventions as well as the general context in which new tendencies are taking place. The maintaining of a minimum security frame becomes essential to fulfil activities ‘collateral’ to the mission: reconstructing services and infrastructure, food distribution, water and medication, law and order, de-mining, training of local forces, and supporting local institutions. These are the main tasks to obtain thrust and support from the population.     

Terrorism,insurgency, kidnapping,and security in Africa's energy sector

Energy continues to serve as the bedrock of modern economies and the main driver of modern society. For Africa, the production and supply of energy resources such as crude oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, biomass, biofuels and other renewables are an important source of employment, rents, taxes, royalties and profits. This sector brings in several tens of billions of dollars of revenue annually. The production and delivery of such resources, however, depend on critical infrastructures such as pipelines, refineries, processing plants, terminals, rigs, electrical energy pylons, substations, pump stations, vessels, and tankers. These infrastructures have been attacked by terrorists, insurgents, vandals and saboteurs, all of whom see them as targets against which to register their grievances and extract concessions from the state. This paper is a chronological account of some of the documented incidents of terrorism, insurgency, kidnapping, destruction, sabotage, and human casualties suffered in the oil and gas sectors in Africa between 1999 and 2012. It is based on data extracted from the databases of the RAND Database of World Terrorism Incidents and the University of Maryland's Global Terrorism Database (GTD).     

A1 Qaeda and the radical Islamic challenge to western strategy

The September 11 global crisis prompted by the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon raises major questions concerning the nature and trajectory of terrorism in the post-Cold War global order. Hitherto, terrorism has been largely debated by analysts at the level of nation states. Terrorist and insurgent movements have also been largely anchored in nationalist and ethnic power bases even when they have sought to mobilise a transnational ideological appeal on religious or class grounds. There have been a few exceptions to this pattern such as the alliance between the German Baader-Meinhof group and the Japanese Red Army Faction, but even such international alliances as this did not, until at least the 1980s, presage anything like a global terrorist network necessitating a global strategic response. This study examines terrorism and global strategic responses.     

Tacit support for terrorism: The rapprochement between the USSR and Palestinian guerrilla organizations following the 1967 war

This article demonstrates the inconsistent and wavering Soviet attitude towards national liberation movements in general and the Palestinian organizations in particular. Until the late 1960s, the Soviets viewed these organizations with suspicion, hesitating to engage in political dialogue with them. However, in the 1970s, political and military events in the region, as well as modifications in the Kremlin's Cold War strategies, led to a general shift towards the Middle East in Soviet foreign policy. Soviet leaders showed increased willingness to provide certain Palestinian organizations with arms with which to conduct terrorist activities against Israeli, pro-Israeli, Jewish and Western targets. The article explores the complex relations between Palestinian organizations and the USSR in the field of international terror. The study also exposes and analyzes the nature and content of Soviet–Palestinian arms dialogues and transactions. It provides clear evidence that Soviet policymakers and other luminaries were fully informed of, and sometimes directly involved in, these transactions and dialogues at the highest levels.     

Helping hands: external support for the KNU insurgency in Burma

This article analyses to what extent the Burmese KNU insurgency made use of external support from states, refugees, and diasporas. Based on extensive fieldwork it is concluded that support from neighbouring states and refugees has for years kept the Karen rebellion alive. Western countries perceived forms of resistance to the illegitimate Burmese regime as just and have therefore played a crucial role in the continuation of conflict in Karen State. It is important that policymakers and donors as well as executing organizations continue to reflect critically on the way they exercise their work.     

基于GTST-DMLD-ESD的装备RMS建模仿真

装备的RMS是装备的重要设计参数,是影响战备完好和保障能力的关键因素.引入GTST-DMLD作为主要建模工具,建立起装备系统的RMS描述模型,以ESD为补充和扩展,对维修过程进行建模.并以GTST-DMLD-ESD模型作为装备RMS仿真的核心,对装备RMS仿真模型的总体框架进行了研究,并对各模块进行了较为详细的探讨.     

Cyber sheiks and grassroots jihadis: the war in Syria and the devolution of the Bosnian Salafi communities

ABSTRACT

What was the scope of the Bosnian jihadi participation in the war in Syria? Did the Bosnian volunteers tend to join one particular faction? Why did the Bosnian youngsters decide to join the holy war in the Levant? Was this an organized and hierarchical process or was this a grassroots movement? Last, were all the Salafis in Bosnia supportive of this dynamic or did this process cause internal frictions? These are some of the questions that this research will try to answer.     

Country survey XVI the defence sector in the economy of a declining superpower: Soviet Union and Russia, 1965-2001

The Soviet Union was able to develop a large military-industrial complex and become the world's second superpower despite deficiencies in its centrally planned economy because defence was given high priority status and special planning, rationing and administrative mechanisms were used to attain national security objectives. However, in the period 1976-85 the effectiveness of priority protection diminished and defence institutions experienced more of the problems typical of the shortage economic system. The heavy defence burden also created growing difficulties for the civilian economy. The attempts by the Gorbachev government to reform the defence sector and improve defence-economic relationships during perestroika (1985-91) uniformly failed. For most of the transition period, the Russian military-industrial complex has been adversely affected by its low priority status, cuts in defence spending, instability of the hybrid politico-economic system, and negative growth of the economy. The armed forces and defence industry have been reduced in size and their outputs of military services and equipment have fallen to low levels. Nevertheless, the Russian armed forces still have over one million troops, significant stocks of sophisticated conventional weapons, and a large nuclear arsenal. The government of President Putin has raised the priority of the defence sector, increased real defence spending, and adopted ambitious plans to revive Russian military power. It is likely, though, that tight resource constraints will hamper efforts to reform the armed forces and to upgrade weapons. By 2010 Russia will be an important, but not dominant, military power in Eurasia.     

Traffickers,terrorists, and a ‘new security challenge’: Russian counternarcotics strategy and the Federal Service for the Control of the Drugs Trade

The collapse of the Soviet Union precipitated the massive expansion of drug use and trade in Russia. The country now has one of the largest populations of injecting drug users in the world and has become the largest single-country market for Afghan heroin. In 2003 the Federal Service for the Control of the Drugs Trade was created to coordinate a comprehensive counternarcotics strategy appropriate to the scale of this threat. The service continues to face a number of challenges in its early stages of development. However, it has made considerable advances in improving responses to large-scale organised crime and in building international cooperation.