水溶液中氢离子浓度变化之探讨

<正>溶液是溶质以分子或离子状态分布于溶剂中所形成的分散体系.溶液是一种高度分散的均匀体系,具有很高的稳定性.一定浓度的某溶液,其中含有一定数量的溶质粒子(分子或离子),加水稀释后,由于溶液中溶质粒子数不发生变化.而溶液的总体积增大,相应浓度就会减小.一定体积一定浓度的氯化钠溶液,加水稀释1倍后,体系中的钠离子和氯离子的浓度就相应地减小1倍.     

羧酸盐对锡和铝在中性溶液中的缓蚀作用研究

分别采用交流阻抗、线性极化、动电位扫描等电化学方法初步研究了羧酸盐缓蚀剂在中性介质中对锡和铝的缓蚀作用.实验结果表明,锡和铝在中性介质中的腐蚀以点蚀为主,而该羧酸盐结构中含有羧基,对锡和铝有良好的缓蚀效果,尤其是处于最佳缓蚀浓度时.     

恒电量微扰法研究在含Cl-介质Ce3+对航空铝材的缓蚀作用

本文用恒电量微扰法研究了Ce3+对铝合金在0．1mol·L-1NaCl介质中的缓蚀机理及抗孔蚀性。结果表明：铝合金孔蚀诱导过程及其表面形成林转化膜过程具有相同的电化学模式,电化学腐蚀速度控制步骤取决于钝化膜（转化膜）／溶液界面过程。Ce3+对铝合金孔蚀的诱导期和发展期均有抑制作用,形成铈转化膜后,铝基表面阻抗大大提高,耐孔蚀性增强。     

伪谱法模拟各向异性/非均匀介质中弹性波的传播

数值模拟一直是研究弹性波在复杂介质中传播问题的有效手段之一。各向异性问题和非均匀问题日益引起关注。伪谱法是近年来发展较快、建立在弹性波动方程基础上的一种数值模拟方法。它的主要特征是将波动方程中的空间微分变换成频域中的乘法运算 ,从而只需要较少的空间格点就可以得到较高的计算精度。介绍了伪谱法及其稳定性条件 ;编制了一个适合于小型工作站或者PC机的模拟地震波在二维各向异性均匀 /非均匀介质中传播的数值模拟程序 ,模拟了各向异性 /非均匀介质中弹性波传播理论 ,分析了裂纹以及各向异性界面对波传播的影响     

一种适用于跨频段通信的微波本振源

介质振荡器具有可靠性高、稳定性好、相位噪声低的优点．在频率捷变雷达和电子战系统中发挥了十分重要的作用。多频介质振荡器除具有介质振荡器的优点外，还有转移频率跨度大、转移时间短的特点，应用到军事通信中，可实现跨频段通信。本文介绍了多频介质振荡器的电路结构、工作特点和在通信系统中的应用，并对多频锁相介质振荡器的可行性进行了讨论。     

活化煤矸石改性混凝土的抗氯离子渗透性能

采用活化煤矸石作为矿物掺合料配制煤矸石混凝土,研究活化煤矸石对混凝土抗氯离子渗透性能的影响。运用机械-热复合活化方式对煤矸石进行活化,采用强度评价法评价活化煤矸石的活性,确定最佳激活条件;利用经最佳激活条件处理的煤矸石按照不同配比制成煤矸石混凝土,采用快速测定法对该混凝土进行抗氯离子性能测试。研究发现:球磨3 h并经800℃煅烧的煤矸石,抗压强度评价系数达到80.9%;经过该条件处理的煤矸石掺量为30%、水胶比为0.4、砂率为0.35时,氯离子扩散系数最小,为6.356 4μm2/s。通过数据拟合得出混凝土氯离子扩散系数同活化煤矸石掺量之间的函数关系,可用以确定一定范围内活化煤矸石掺量对改性混凝土中氯离子扩散系数的影响。     

pH 值对碳钢在 3%NaCl 溶液中极化行为的影响

采用准稳态的极化方法研究了两种碳钢在不同ｐＨ值的３％ＮａＣｌ溶液中的极化行为,发现：碳钢在３％ＮａＣｌ溶液中发生钝化的临界ｐＨ值约为８．０;当ｐＨ＞８．０时,随着ｐＨ值的增大,致钝及维钝电流逐渐变小,点蚀电位逐渐变正．同时发现ＮＨ＋４对碳钢的极化行为有影响．     

衍生高效液相色谱法测定废水中芥子气研究

用β-萘硫酸作衍生剂,柱前衍生高效液相色谱法测定芥子气生产工艺的处理废水中芥子气含量的方法。试样中的芥子气用正己烷萃取,萃取溶液在碱性的乙醇水溶液中进行衍生反应,反应的衍生物用正己烷萃取后,以外标峰面积法在HPLC上进行测定。当样品中芥子气含量在0．1－1mg/L时,测定的相对标准偏差不大于5％,回收率在96％－101．4％范围内（n=5)。芥子气的检测限量为2．6&;#215;10^-10g.     

嵌入式质子交换光波导偏振器的制作及高消光比检测装置的研究

用钛内扩散和质子交换相结合的方法制得了光波导偏振器,这一偏振器由在不连续的扩钛波导中嵌入一段质子交换波导形成。本文讨论了一些资料中报道的检测方法,并对测量集成光波导偏振器提出了一个新方案。该方案测得的偏振器消光比大于52．5dB．     

用模拟闭塞腐蚀电池研究低合金钢在海水中的局部腐蚀行为

本文采用恒电位法用模拟闭塞电池研究902、схл—4、907和921四种船体用低合金钢在人造海水中的局部腐蚀行为。随着阳极溶解的发生,闭塞区内溶液的pH值随时间迅速下降,在50小时内最低可达2.7左右。阳极溶解相应的电量与溶液的pH值呈函数关系。Cl~-浓度在闭塞区内增加,最多可达40％左右。比较四种钢材在相同时间内阳极溶解量,其由大到小的次序为902→схл—4→907→921。这与我们实船调查的上述钢材耐局部腐蚀性能的结果基本上一致。     

层流介质中金属板腐蚀电位分布研究

为了研究流动介质中产生的静电场,结合电化学和流体力学相关知识建立层流介质中金属板模型,利用贝塞尔函数展开及其逆运算推导出在三层介质中基于点电荷模型的腐蚀电位解析表达式,同时计算出金属板产生的电场。运用推导出的解析表达式计算出在流动介质中任意场点处金属板随不同流速产生的腐蚀电位,并通过实验验证结果的正确性。结果表明,对层流条件下电化学反应产生的电流密度所建模型的结果与实验测量数据吻合度较高,同时电场分布也会随着流体流速及层流方向上长度的变化而发生变化。     

Microstructure and pitting corrosion of armor grade AA7075 aluminum alloy friction stir weld nugget zone-Effect of post weld heat treatment and addition of boron carbide

Friction stir welding(FSW) of high strength aluminum alloys has been emerged as an alternative joining technique to avoid the problems during fusion welding.In recent times FSW is being used for armor grade AA7075 aluminum alloy in defense,aerospace and marine applications where it has to serve in non uniform loading and corrosive environments.Even though friction stir welds of AA7075 alloy possess better mechanical properties but suffer from poor corrosion resistance.The present work involves use of retrogression and reaging(RRA) post weld heat treatment to improve the corrosion resistance of welded joints of aluminum alloys.An attempt also has been made to change the chemical composition of the weld nugget by adding B4C nano particles with the aid of the FSW on a specially prepared base metal plate in butt position.The effects of peak aged condition(T6),RRA and addition of B4C nano particles on microstructure,hardness and pitting corrosion of nugget zone of the friction stir welds of AA7075 alloy have been studied.Even though RRA improved the pitting corrosion resistance,its hardness was slightly lost.Significant improvement in pitting corrosion resistance was achieved with addition of boron carbide powder and post weld heat treatment of RRA.     

立方晶系单晶电子衍射谱斑点指数的快速标定方法

文中给出一种快速标定立方晶系单晶电子衍射谱的方法。立方晶系单晶电子衍射谱有两个重要特征,即: 1.斑点呈矩形排列; 2.矩形的两个邻边间具有确定的简单数学关系。根据上述特点制成一表列于文后,用该表可以快速标定电子衍射花样,这种新方法比传统的方法简单。     

活塞环表面CrTiAlN复合涂层的抗高温腐蚀性能研究

采用多弧离子镀技术,利用Cr靶和TiAl靶,在活塞环材料65 Mn钢基体上制备了CrTiAlN复合涂层,并对电镀Cr、CrN和CrTiAlN复合涂层在800℃下的抗高温腐蚀性能进行了比较分析,用扫描电镜、能谱仪和X射线衍射仪观察分析了样品表面高温腐蚀氧化膜。结果表明:CrTiAlN复合涂层具有优异的抗高温腐蚀性能,在800℃时仍具有良好的抗高温腐蚀性能,其氧化机理是O向涂层内部扩散氧化,在高温腐蚀过程中,CrTiAlN涂层中的Cr发生了选择性氧化,优先形成了Cr2O3,CrTiAlN涂层氧化层区域的结构由外至里组成顺序为Cr2O3、Al2O3+TiO2、(Cr,Ti,Al)N。涂层外层的Cr2O3氧化物有利于阻碍氧元素向涂层内部扩散,能够降低涂层的高温腐蚀速度。     

Experimental and numerical investigations of interface properties of Ti6Al4V/CP-Ti/Copper composite plate prepared by explosive welding

Explosive welding technique is widely used in many industries. This technique is useful to weld different kinds of metal alloys that are not easily welded by any other welding methods. Interlayer plays an important role to improve the welding quality and control energy loss during the collision process. In this paper, the Ti6Al4V plate was welded with a copper plate in the presence of a commercially pure titanium interlayer. Microstructure details of welded composite plate were observed through optical and scanning electron microscope. Interlayer-base plate interface morphology showed a wavy structure with solid melted regions inside the vortices. Moreover, the energy dispersive spectroscopy analysis in the interlayer-base interface reveals that there are some identified regions of different kinds of chemical equilibrium phases of Cu–Ti, i.e. CuTi, Cu₂Ti, CuTi₂, Cu₄Ti, etc. To study the mechanical properties of composite plates, mechanical tests were conducted, including the tensile test, bending test, shear test and Vickers hardness test. Numerical simulation of explosive welding process was performed with coupled Smooth Particle Hydrodynamic method, Euler and Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian method. The multi-physics process of explosive welding, including detonation, jetting and interface morphology, was observed with simulation. Moreover, simulated plastic strain, temperature and pressure profiles were analysed to understand the welding conditions. Simulated results show that the interlayer base plate interface was created due to the high plastic deformation and localized melting of the parent plates. At the collision point, both alloys behave like fluids, resulting in the formation of a wavy morphology with vortices, which is in good agreement with the experimental results.     

Stress corrosion cracking behaviour of gas tungsten arc welded super austenitic stainless steel joints

Super 304 H austenitic stainless steel with 3% of copper posses excellent creep strength and corrosion resistance, which is mainly used in heat exchanger tubing of the boiler. Heat exchangers are used in nuclear power plants and marine vehicles which are intended to operate in chloride rich offshore environment. Chloride stress corrosion cracking is the most likely life limiting failure with austenitic stainless steel tubing. Welding may worsen the stress corrosion cracking susceptibility of the material. Stress corrosion cracking susceptibility of Super 304 H parent metal and gas tungsten arc(GTA) welded joints were studied by constant load tests in 45% boiling Mg Cl2 solution. Stress corrosion cracking resistance of Super 304 H stainless steel was deteriorated by GTA welding due to the formation of susceptible microstructure in the HAZ of the weld joint and the residual stresses. The mechanism of cracking was found to be anodic path cracking, with transgranular nature of crack propagation. Linear relationships were derived to predict the time to failure by extrapolating the rate of steady state elongation.     

超声冲击处理改善22SiMn2TiB装甲钢抗应力腐蚀性能研究

采用超声冲击处理工艺对22SiMn2TiB装甲钢试样进行了表面冲击强化,采用四点弯曲加载装置将处理和未处理的试样在3.5%NaCl溶液中进行了150 d的应力腐蚀试验。用X射线应力测定仪测定了应力腐蚀试验前试样表面的残余应力,用扫描电镜和透射电镜观察了处理后试样的断面组织。分析了超声冲击处理引起的残余应力和断面组织变化对改善装甲钢抗应力腐蚀性能的作用。结果表明,超声冲击处理引入的残余压应力和表层晶粒细化可以大大提高22SiMn2TiB装甲钢的抗应力腐蚀性能。     

模拟罐声发射试验研究

为验证常压储罐声发射的基本规律,并获得罐底缺陷声发射信号数据,在模拟罐进行声发射试验。原始状态的模拟罐底部存在沉淀,通过原始状态与清洗罐底后声发射试验结果对比,得出罐底沉淀物会产生部分声发射信号并影响声发射检测,以及涂层对声发射检测影响较小的结论。凹坑和通孔是罐底常见腐蚀缺陷,通过设计和预制3种罐底缺陷状态,分别对各种缺陷状态的罐底进行声发射试验,分析缺陷的声发射信号特征,得到缺陷在升压和保压检测中的声发射信号数据,为声发射检测数据分析提供参考。     

喷气燃料中硫化物对银片腐蚀的量化表征

银片腐蚀主要受喷气燃料中硫化物的影响,不同种类、结构的硫化物对银片腐蚀的影响不同,从喷气燃料中硫化物系统角度来研究对银片腐蚀影响是很有意义的。采用量化自组织神经网络从定性、定量两个方面研究喷气燃料中硫化物对银片腐蚀的影响,研究结果表明,能够从喷气燃料硫化物的存在情况来预测银片腐蚀结果。     

电刷镀Ni镀层在海水中的腐蚀磨损试验

研究了电刷镀Ni镀层在海水中腐蚀磨损的失重情况。应用扫描电镜(SEM)和能谱仪(EDS)分别观测了Ni镀层在海水中腐蚀磨损后的形貌,并进行了成分分析,结果表明:Ni镀层腐蚀磨损后表面新增加了C、lO、Fe等元素,镀层表面除了有犁削沟槽,局部还出现了被海水腐蚀溶解的形貌。通过腐蚀磨损协同率计算得出:Ni镀层在海水中腐蚀磨损时,腐蚀与磨损发生了正协同作用,但磨损是材料流失的主要形式。