高速公路灾害事故处置难点及其应对措施

消防部队在高速公路灾害事故处置上,直接面对车辆运输物质不确定、缺少消防水源、无线通信不畅、天气变化无常、易造成大面积堵塞致使难以调集救援力量、救援人员自身易受到其他高速行驶车辆撞击威胁、难以展开联合救援等难题,研究了高速公路灾害事故消防处置对策,以应对上述消防处置难题。     

特大灾害事故现场后勤保障探析

面对特大灾害事故大量增多 ,如何有效处置特大灾害事故 ,不仅使消防部队的灭火救援工作面临着新的考验 ,而且也给部队的后勤保障工作提出了新的要求。通过分析特大灾害事故的特点 ,探讨建立和完善特大灾害事故现场后勤保障新机制的必要性及其对策措施。     

消防部队处置地震灾害的几点启示

消防部队处置地震灾害具有专业优势，也是地震抢险救援的主力军。通过总结汶川大地震应急救援成功经验，认为高效的组织指挥、周密的协同和有力的后勤保障是成功救援的前提和关键。从完善有关法规和救援机制、建立防灾救灾战略物资储备库、建设国家应急抢险救援队伍等几个方面提出了提高消防部队处置灾害能力的对策。     

消防应急救援过度应激反应及对策研究

重大灾害应急救援已经成为消防部队重要的作战任务之一,通过应激反应分类、危害性等情况研究,分析消防部队进行重大灾害救援时产生的心理影响,提出了事前、事中及事后三个不同阶段应采取的不同干预措施,对保证消防部队有效完成重大灾害救援作战任务,提高消防部队灭火救援能力具有重要意义。     

新形势下消防部队应急救援工作探析

近年来随着经济建设的迅猛发展,我国也面临着自然灾害、事故灾难、公共卫生事件、社会安全事件、暴力恐怖事件等各种灾害、事故频发的严峻局势,致使消防部队承担的各类应急救援任务日益增多。在各类突发公共事件应急救援处置过程中,消防部队充分发挥了专业性强、业务精湛的优势,起到了突击队和生力军的作用,为最大限度地抢救人民群众的生命和财产做出了巨大的贡献。     

大连“7·16”油库爆炸火灾扑救难点及经验启示

大连＂7.16＂油库爆炸火灾事故是我国多年来极为少见的大型恶性石化企业安全生产事故,这起火灾之所以危险程度高、处置难度大是由其特点及难点决定的。通过对这起爆炸火灾事故特点及难点的详尽分析,论述了此次事故成功处置的关键环节和经验,提出了启示,对消防部队处置此类灾害事故具有一定的借鉴作用。     

消防部队参与防暴反恐技术研究

分析了我国面临的反恐形势和消防部队参与防暴、反恐任务的便利条件及存在的问题 ,提出了消防部队研究防暴、反恐技术的技术路线 ,全面提高消防部队处置恐怖袭击事件的快速反应能力。     

消防部队处置炭疽芽孢杆菌袭击事件技术方案探讨

对消防部队处置炭疽芽孢杆菌袭击事件的防护技术、现场侦查方法、警戒隔离、样品采集、快速检测技术、洗消技术及其注意事项进行了论述，对消防部队处置此类及类似事故具有一定的指导意义。     

论消防部队在抢险救援中的作用及发展趋势

从消防部队参与社会抢险救援的可行性分析入手，就抢险救援任务类型、模式、处置原则等对消防部队在救援中的影响及救援面临的具体问题进行分析，对消防部队在未来社会抢险救援中多元化的发展趋势进行探讨，并提出拓展消防部队社会应急救援功能的一些建议。     

消防灭火救援现场通信存在问题与对策

通过了解目前消防部队通信指挥系统建设现状,结合部队以往灭火救援作战经验,针对消防部队经常面对的几种典型灾害现场,对各种灾害现场通信存在的困难及问题进行总结归纳,并分别提出了几点关于加强现场通信畅通,提高灭火救援成功率的方法。     

Tacit support for terrorism: The rapprochement between the USSR and Palestinian guerrilla organizations following the 1967 war

This article demonstrates the inconsistent and wavering Soviet attitude towards national liberation movements in general and the Palestinian organizations in particular. Until the late 1960s, the Soviets viewed these organizations with suspicion, hesitating to engage in political dialogue with them. However, in the 1970s, political and military events in the region, as well as modifications in the Kremlin's Cold War strategies, led to a general shift towards the Middle East in Soviet foreign policy. Soviet leaders showed increased willingness to provide certain Palestinian organizations with arms with which to conduct terrorist activities against Israeli, pro-Israeli, Jewish and Western targets. The article explores the complex relations between Palestinian organizations and the USSR in the field of international terror. The study also exposes and analyzes the nature and content of Soviet–Palestinian arms dialogues and transactions. It provides clear evidence that Soviet policymakers and other luminaries were fully informed of, and sometimes directly involved in, these transactions and dialogues at the highest levels.     

Terrorism,insurgency, kidnapping,and security in Africa's energy sector

Energy continues to serve as the bedrock of modern economies and the main driver of modern society. For Africa, the production and supply of energy resources such as crude oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, biomass, biofuels and other renewables are an important source of employment, rents, taxes, royalties and profits. This sector brings in several tens of billions of dollars of revenue annually. The production and delivery of such resources, however, depend on critical infrastructures such as pipelines, refineries, processing plants, terminals, rigs, electrical energy pylons, substations, pump stations, vessels, and tankers. These infrastructures have been attacked by terrorists, insurgents, vandals and saboteurs, all of whom see them as targets against which to register their grievances and extract concessions from the state. This paper is a chronological account of some of the documented incidents of terrorism, insurgency, kidnapping, destruction, sabotage, and human casualties suffered in the oil and gas sectors in Africa between 1999 and 2012. It is based on data extracted from the databases of the RAND Database of World Terrorism Incidents and the University of Maryland's Global Terrorism Database (GTD).     

Insurgency in Afghanistan: implications for Pakistan's internal and external security

In the aftermath of 9/11, the USA embarked on a massive global hunt for terrorists and launched its “Operation Enduring Freedom” in Afghanistan. Its failure to control insurgency in Afghanistan spilled over into Pakistan, with disastrous consequences. The resurgence of the Taliban with more formidable tactics and maneuvering skills has become more troublesome for both Afghanistan and Pakistan and for the USA and its allied forces. The fierce comeback of the insurgents has challenged the political and territorial integrity of Pakistan, one that it cannot tolerate. This article analyzes the current situation and its implications for Pakistan's security. Moreover, it looks into the internal and external security complexities that Pakistan faces and the possible implications of the US exit strategy for Pakistan's security. It concludes that the security situation in Pakistan is continuously deteriorating and no part of her territory is immune from terrorists' attacks. To be successful, Pakistan must pursue a broad-based strategy that encompasses military, political, social, economic and informational domains aimed at accomplishing four major objectives: (1) elimination of foreign terrorists and their facilitators; (2) strengthening of the political and administrative institutions in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA); (3) establishing a safe and secure environment conducive for sustained development and the realization of real socio-economic progress and (4) integrating the FATA into the national mainstream. In the long term, a strategy based on the concept of “Enlightened Moderation” is the right solution, not only to the internal problems of Pakistan but also for the Muslim world and the international community.     

The US NATO and military burden sharing: post-Cold War accomplishments and future prospects

NATO burden sharing has become an especially timely issue in the past several years as a result of a number of factors, including Russian annexation of Crimea and destabilization of eastern Ukraine in 2014. This article argues that alliance unity among the great democracies of Europe and North America is indispensable to peace and stability on the Eurasian continent. A fractured NATO, and especially, a large divide in purposes or commitments as between the United States and its European security partners, invites aggression and the possibility of inadvertent escalation. Past successes and failures in US-involved multinational peace and stability operations, within and outside of Europe, show that mission accomplishment requires give and take, including the occasional acceptance of unequal costs and benefits among the members, in order to achieve peace and security objectives.     

Country survey XVI the defence sector in the economy of a declining superpower: Soviet Union and Russia, 1965-2001

The Soviet Union was able to develop a large military-industrial complex and become the world's second superpower despite deficiencies in its centrally planned economy because defence was given high priority status and special planning, rationing and administrative mechanisms were used to attain national security objectives. However, in the period 1976-85 the effectiveness of priority protection diminished and defence institutions experienced more of the problems typical of the shortage economic system. The heavy defence burden also created growing difficulties for the civilian economy. The attempts by the Gorbachev government to reform the defence sector and improve defence-economic relationships during perestroika (1985-91) uniformly failed. For most of the transition period, the Russian military-industrial complex has been adversely affected by its low priority status, cuts in defence spending, instability of the hybrid politico-economic system, and negative growth of the economy. The armed forces and defence industry have been reduced in size and their outputs of military services and equipment have fallen to low levels. Nevertheless, the Russian armed forces still have over one million troops, significant stocks of sophisticated conventional weapons, and a large nuclear arsenal. The government of President Putin has raised the priority of the defence sector, increased real defence spending, and adopted ambitious plans to revive Russian military power. It is likely, though, that tight resource constraints will hamper efforts to reform the armed forces and to upgrade weapons. By 2010 Russia will be an important, but not dominant, military power in Eurasia.     

ARMS CONTROL CONTINUUMS

In July 2001, member states will gather in New York for the UN Conference on the Illicit Trade in Arms in All its Aspects. It represents part of the effort to establish controls on small arms and light weapons. This article argues that it is possible that nuclear and conventional arms control represent two ends of a continuum, with common goals and a common set of mechanisms and processes at work. A decade after the end of the Cold War, it is not surprising that the international community is working on mechanisms to deal with conventional arms. The existence of a continuum and connections between conventional and nuclear arms control is less evident. The two arms control communities appear to function in isolation of each other. The return to the debate on small arms and light weapons echoes post-World War I and II periods. The fact that small arms control is back on the agenda within the context of the UN may signify recognition that any kind of arms control serves the same purpose—preventing and mitigating the effects and duration of, and bringing an end to conflict.     

Pool it,share it,or lose it: an economical view on pooling and sharing of European military capabilities

In a general and economical view, this article analyzes methods and mechanisms for the pooling and sharing of military forces and weapons inside the European Union (EU) in times of scarcity. Pooling and sharing could improve the EU military capabilities significantly if differences in location factors were taken into account and all states would focus on their respective strengths. More competition and less concentration are the keys to ensuring guaranteed access to military assets. Pooling and sharing are likely to be successful only if large states enhance their emphasis on collective defense by mutual aid and self-help, and reduce particularistic and parochial interests of local gain. The realm of personnel has the most potential for improvement but any change is likely to generate policy implications.     

Themes in defence manpower economics and challenges for the future

Raising and maintaining military forces have posed enormous challenges for the United States and its allies. Economists have made significant contributions to understanding of how to recruit and manage such forces. This paper highlights key past contributions and discusses challenges for future research. Rapid changes in the roles and missions of military personnel, technology, and the civilian labor market pose serious challenges for future military manpower policy and will challenge economists to develop new approaches to military recruiting and personnel management. Yet the body of past research can continue to provide insight and guidance in making decisions about defense manpower.     

Helping hands: civil–military cooperation and Italy's military operation abroad

In the Post-Bipolar Era the growing complexity of the military operations requires a new approach for the resolution of international crises. Since the end of the Cold War, peace support operations (PSO) have become the mainstay and principal occupation of most Western armies. At the same time, Italy has been one of the most important actors in such an area. The article focuses on the cooperation between military and civil components (a process called CIMIC) as a key variable in the Italian PSOs. We will analyse in detail the main lessons learned from past military interventions as well as the general context in which new tendencies are taking place. The maintaining of a minimum security frame becomes essential to fulfil activities ‘collateral’ to the mission: reconstructing services and infrastructure, food distribution, water and medication, law and order, de-mining, training of local forces, and supporting local institutions. These are the main tasks to obtain thrust and support from the population.     

Remembering the war of liberation: legitimacy and conflict in contemporary Algeria

The aim of this article is to consider how Algeria's most prized achievement and treasured memory – the FLN's victory over the French in the war of liberation – has helped stimulate and sustain the violence that has blighted the country since independence. It argues that successive governments have propagated a legend of the war that encourages and legitimises rebellion and armed resistance. By celebrating the actions and achievements of a committed band of revolutionaries they have established a precedent whereby it is every citizen's duty to oppose and resist an unjust government. Time and again therefore, insurgent groups like the FFS, MIA, and AIS have justified their actions and won popular support by portraying themselves as the early FLN's natural heir.