载人飞船上升段轨道的Newton迭代设计法

本文对载人飞船上升段轨道的一种工程设计方法进行了探讨。该方法的特点是根据上升段飞行的特征,运用飞行力学原理选定其控制规律的数学模型,然后根据上升段轨道的中间约束条件和终端约束条件,利用Newton迭代法确定模型中的各待定参数。本文给出了该设计方法的流程图,并通过模拟计算论证了该设计方法的可行性。     

载人登月自由返回轨道与Hybrid轨道设计方法

对自由返回轨道与Hybrid轨道的设计方法进行了研究。应用分段受摄的高精度动力学模型,设计了搜索变量、约束条件与微分修正搜索算法,搜索得到了自由返回轨道标称轨道,并使用STK软件对其进行了验证与三维仿真,最后对误差传递情况进行了分析。Hybrid轨道由自由返回与非自由返回轨道组合而成,文中给出了一条典型的Hybrid轨道设计过程,并对其优缺点进行了简要分析。文章所述方法与结论可应用于载人登月任务轨道设计,也可应用于嫦娥后期工程和搭载发射的微型月球探测器的轨道设计。     

载人登月着陆窗口与定点返回轨道耦合设计

对于月面中高纬度着陆且定点返回地球中高纬度着陆场的载人登月任务而言,月面着陆窗口与定点返回轨道设计存在耦合关系,这是工程任务面对的关键技术之一。针对任务背景及约束条件,建立月面着陆窗口与定点返回轨道求解数学模型;通过数值求解着陆窗口与返回轨道参数规律,并从空间几何关系分析耦合机理;以2025年载人月面虹湾探测为例,给出了着陆窗口与定点返回轨道求解流程及验证算例。计算结果经商业软件STK校验正确,表明该方法是一种简捷精确的载人登月任务规划方法,可在未来载人登月工程任务规划时直接使用。     

建中锂电池有限公司为飞船提供高性能电池

由湖南湘潭江南机器（集团）有限公司生产的两套航天座椅缓冲器,再次在飞船返回地面时承担保护宇航员生命安全的重任。     

月球探测器返回轨道特性分析

对月球探测器的返回轨道进行了建模与特性分析.在三维空间中建立了返回轨道的数学模型;对模型进行仿真分析得到从月球影响球东经80°出口的返回轨道最省能量等结论;根据模型及其特性给出初步轨道的算例,并以此结果为初值,在已有高精度动力学模型下搜索计算,较快地得到了精确轨道;通过两条轨道参数及空间形状的对比,证明文中解析方法的正确性.     

基于X射线脉冲星的Halo轨道卫星自主导航和控轨

讨论x射线脉冲星自主导航（X—raypulsar-basedautonomousnavigation,XNAV）技术应用于halo轨道卫星的可行性。给出halo轨道卫星的6维状态方程和基于x射线脉冲星导航的6维观测方程,对用x射线脉冲星导航和小推力方法控轨后的日地系第一平动点halo轨道卫星进行了数值模拟。结果表明：在现有的测量精度下,可以将卫星保持在标准轨道附近。最后对实验参数数值的选择给出了相应的分析讨论。     

“阿波罗”宇宙飞船的喷气控制系统

“阿波罗”宇宙飞船的三个舱体;指挥舱（CM）,服务舱（SM）和登月舱（LM）,每一舱体都具有自己的喷气控制系统（RCS）。每个喷气控制系统工作在自燃的双组元燃料,而燃料的供给是挤压式。 服务舱的喷气控制系统是用于在宇宙飞船与运载火箭——土星——V号分离后,在飞向月球的轨道上来控制飞船的姿态,以及在绕月球的等候轨道和返回地球轨道上来控制指挥舱和服务舱。登月舱的喷气控制系统是用于在绕地球的等候轨道上,来调整宇宙飞船与登月舱的连接形态,以及在下降到月面时和从月面起飞后与指挥服务舱交会对接时来控制登月舱。指挥舱的喷气控制系统是用于在再入大气层后,来控制指挥舱的姿态。登月舱和服务舱的喷气控制系统应能提供在三个轴方向上的位移,并同时在定向的控制状态中工作,而指挥舱的喷气控制系统仅用于定向的控制。     

探月飞船跳跃式再入组合制导方法

针对预测-校正制导方法计算量大的问题,提出一种结合预测-校正法和标准轨道法的组合制导方法。在一次再入段采用预测-校正法提高制导方法的鲁棒性能,在二次再入段采用标准轨道法减少计算量。该组合制导方法通过利用标准轨道信息,减少了预测时间;通过设计指令快速迭代算法,减少了迭代次数;并根据飞船二次再入点处的实际状态,修正标准指令剖面,提高二次再入制导性能。仿真结果表明:该组合制导方法能大幅减少预测时间,提高校正速度,并具有较高的鲁棒性和精度。     

“神六”发射成功的十四个精彩瞬间

北京时间10月12日9时,我国自主研制的神舟六号载人飞船,在酒泉卫星发射中心,随着一声点火的口令, 在轰鸣中腾空而起,承载着航天员费俊龙、聂海胜急速飞向太空,准确进入预定轨道。 按照预定计划飞船于17日凌晨返回。4时33分,飞船成功降落在位于内蒙古中部的主着陆场。 本刊特别对参加此次拍摄工作的各位摄影家的摄影作品进行了精选,根据发射的时间顺序辑录成篇,以飨读者。     

基于双二体假设的载人登月混合轨道特性分析及设计

混合轨道是载人登月轨道的重要类型之一。利用混合轨道的组成特点,提出在双二体假设下以自由返回轨道为基础的混合轨道计算方法。主要对混合轨道的特性进行分析,给出混合轨道在能量消耗和飞行时间等方面的特性。在涉及月球运动的计算时,考虑月球运动的非圆性,对传统双二体假设略作修改。给出混合轨道的设计实例,仿真结果验证了本文提出方法的有效性。     

Terrorism,insurgency, kidnapping,and security in Africa's energy sector

Energy continues to serve as the bedrock of modern economies and the main driver of modern society. For Africa, the production and supply of energy resources such as crude oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, biomass, biofuels and other renewables are an important source of employment, rents, taxes, royalties and profits. This sector brings in several tens of billions of dollars of revenue annually. The production and delivery of such resources, however, depend on critical infrastructures such as pipelines, refineries, processing plants, terminals, rigs, electrical energy pylons, substations, pump stations, vessels, and tankers. These infrastructures have been attacked by terrorists, insurgents, vandals and saboteurs, all of whom see them as targets against which to register their grievances and extract concessions from the state. This paper is a chronological account of some of the documented incidents of terrorism, insurgency, kidnapping, destruction, sabotage, and human casualties suffered in the oil and gas sectors in Africa between 1999 and 2012. It is based on data extracted from the databases of the RAND Database of World Terrorism Incidents and the University of Maryland's Global Terrorism Database (GTD).     

Helping hands: civil–military cooperation and Italy's military operation abroad

In the Post-Bipolar Era the growing complexity of the military operations requires a new approach for the resolution of international crises. Since the end of the Cold War, peace support operations (PSO) have become the mainstay and principal occupation of most Western armies. At the same time, Italy has been one of the most important actors in such an area. The article focuses on the cooperation between military and civil components (a process called CIMIC) as a key variable in the Italian PSOs. We will analyse in detail the main lessons learned from past military interventions as well as the general context in which new tendencies are taking place. The maintaining of a minimum security frame becomes essential to fulfil activities ‘collateral’ to the mission: reconstructing services and infrastructure, food distribution, water and medication, law and order, de-mining, training of local forces, and supporting local institutions. These are the main tasks to obtain thrust and support from the population.     

Tacit support for terrorism: The rapprochement between the USSR and Palestinian guerrilla organizations following the 1967 war

This article demonstrates the inconsistent and wavering Soviet attitude towards national liberation movements in general and the Palestinian organizations in particular. Until the late 1960s, the Soviets viewed these organizations with suspicion, hesitating to engage in political dialogue with them. However, in the 1970s, political and military events in the region, as well as modifications in the Kremlin's Cold War strategies, led to a general shift towards the Middle East in Soviet foreign policy. Soviet leaders showed increased willingness to provide certain Palestinian organizations with arms with which to conduct terrorist activities against Israeli, pro-Israeli, Jewish and Western targets. The article explores the complex relations between Palestinian organizations and the USSR in the field of international terror. The study also exposes and analyzes the nature and content of Soviet–Palestinian arms dialogues and transactions. It provides clear evidence that Soviet policymakers and other luminaries were fully informed of, and sometimes directly involved in, these transactions and dialogues at the highest levels.     

A1 Qaeda and the radical Islamic challenge to western strategy

The September 11 global crisis prompted by the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon raises major questions concerning the nature and trajectory of terrorism in the post-Cold War global order. Hitherto, terrorism has been largely debated by analysts at the level of nation states. Terrorist and insurgent movements have also been largely anchored in nationalist and ethnic power bases even when they have sought to mobilise a transnational ideological appeal on religious or class grounds. There have been a few exceptions to this pattern such as the alliance between the German Baader-Meinhof group and the Japanese Red Army Faction, but even such international alliances as this did not, until at least the 1980s, presage anything like a global terrorist network necessitating a global strategic response. This study examines terrorism and global strategic responses.     

Helping hands: external support for the KNU insurgency in Burma

This article analyses to what extent the Burmese KNU insurgency made use of external support from states, refugees, and diasporas. Based on extensive fieldwork it is concluded that support from neighbouring states and refugees has for years kept the Karen rebellion alive. Western countries perceived forms of resistance to the illegitimate Burmese regime as just and have therefore played a crucial role in the continuation of conflict in Karen State. It is important that policymakers and donors as well as executing organizations continue to reflect critically on the way they exercise their work.     

基于GTST-DMLD-ESD的装备RMS建模仿真

装备的RMS是装备的重要设计参数,是影响战备完好和保障能力的关键因素.引入GTST-DMLD作为主要建模工具,建立起装备系统的RMS描述模型,以ESD为补充和扩展,对维修过程进行建模.并以GTST-DMLD-ESD模型作为装备RMS仿真的核心,对装备RMS仿真模型的总体框架进行了研究,并对各模块进行了较为详细的探讨.     

Cyber sheiks and grassroots jihadis: the war in Syria and the devolution of the Bosnian Salafi communities

ABSTRACT

What was the scope of the Bosnian jihadi participation in the war in Syria? Did the Bosnian volunteers tend to join one particular faction? Why did the Bosnian youngsters decide to join the holy war in the Levant? Was this an organized and hierarchical process or was this a grassroots movement? Last, were all the Salafis in Bosnia supportive of this dynamic or did this process cause internal frictions? These are some of the questions that this research will try to answer.     

The UK,interrogation and Iraq, 2003–2008

The UK’s interrogation operations during the conflict in Iraq (2003–2008) are often portrayed by the media as involving significant amounts of mistreatment. This article demonstrates that these practices are not necessarily representative of the UK’s interrogation operations across this conflict. In doing so it contributes to the limited literature on the practice of interrogation and on the UK’s combat operations in Iraq. The UK’s interrogation capability, and therefore its intelligence-gathering capability, is shown to have rested primarily with the military’s Joint Forward Interrogation Team (JFIT). The JFIT suffered from limitations to the number, training and experience of its interrogators and interpreters. It is argued that maintaining a permanent, higher level of preparedness for interrogation by the British armed forces is desirable.     

Remembering and forgetting Mirambo: Histories of war in modern Africa

ABSTRACT

While the study of organised violence is considered essential to understanding the history of the West, and accordingly imbued with various layers of meaning and remembrance, war is widely regarded as inimical to the modern nation in Africa and stable development more broadly. Using examples drawn from primarily from East Africa, this paper considers the ways in which warfare in the deeper (‘precolonial’) past has been framed and envisioned in recent decades, in particular by governments whose own roots lie in revolutionary armed struggle and who began life as guerrilla movements. While in some cases particular elements of the deeper past were indeed mobilised in pursuit of contemporary political goals, in many other scenarios histories of precolonial violence were beheld as problematic and unworthy of remembrance. This paper highlights the paradox and ambiguity which has attended the memory of key aspects of Africa’s deeper past.