Effects of module number and firing condition on charge thermal safety in gun chamber

Thermal safety of modular charge which is fed into and retained in the chamber after gun fires consecutively is first investigated with cook-off method.A two-dimensional cook-off model of modular charge in gun chamber is established and the cook-off process of modular charge in gun chamber is numerically simulated.Then the effects of module number and firing condition on charge thermal safety are evaluated by researching the cook-off response characteristics of modules.The results show that,under conditions of different module numbers the cook-off responses all occur on the module closest to the boundary of missile,and the single-base propellants located at the inner surface of cartridge ignite first.When the number of loaded module changes from 1 to 6,the cook-off response temperatures vary little,only in a small range of 478.1 K-482.4 K.The cook-off response times decrease logarithmically in the range of 211.2 s-166.7 s with the increasing length of residual air gap in gun chamber.The simulation results are well matched with the experimental data.Furthermore,different firing conditions have great influence on the cook-off response time,minor influence on the initial response position and little in-fluence on the response temperature.Under the three conditions of consecutive 32 launches with 5 rounds/min,43 launches with 1 round/min,and 41 launches with different firing frequencies,the cook-off response temperatures are 479.2 K,481.1 K and 479.9 K respectively and the response times are 709.2 s,211.2 s and 214.4 s respectively.The response position is near the middle area of the inner cartridge surface in the former condition and near the right area in the latter two conditions.     

Experimental investigation of a cook-off temperature in a hot barrel

The experimental investigations of the effect of contact time/temperature on initiating the cook-off using 7.62 mm calibre cartridge cases (CC) were conducted previously. These cartridges were filled with commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) double based (DB) propellant (Bulls Eye) and were loaded in a hot chamber. The thermal explosion temperature is of great significance to both weapon designers and safety inspectors as it provides the operational limit and safe operating temperature. For CC under test, it was found that the cook-off temperatures of this propellant were encountered with the heat transfer profile of the simulated gun barrel between 151.4 °C and 153.4 °C, with a reaction occurring in less than 300 s after the round was chambered. Usefully, each experiment was found to be consistent and repeatable.     

Numerical simulation of warhead transportation

The new numerical approach for analysis of the warhead transportations is suggested.This approach allows to control the warhead operability before its experimental analysis.The approach is implemented by the adequate models for the software ANSYS.Analysis of the loads at land operations and trans-portations of the warhead by natural roads,water and aviation allows to obtain the maximal values of loads,which are used in numerical simulations of the warhead.These loads give an opportunity to analyze the operability and the fatigue strength of the cartridge warhead.The numerical simulations of the attachments of the warhead combat elements are performed on the basis of the suggested method.The data of the numerical simulations verifies the operability of the fastener system of the warhead combat elements.     

Influence of shaped charge structure parameters on the formation of linear explosively formed projectiles

The research of LEFP (linear explosive forming projectile) is of great value to the development of new warhead due to its excellent performance. To further improve the damage ability of the shaped charge warhead, a special shell overhanging structure was designed to increase the charge based on the traditional spherical charge, in which case the crushing energy of LEFP could be guaranteed. LS-DYNA was used to simulate different charge structures obtained by changing the number of detonation points, the length of shell platform, the radius of curvature and the thickness of liner. The RSM (response surface model) between the molding parameters of LEFP and the structural parameters of charge was established. Based on RSM model, the structure of shaped charge was optimized by using multi-objective genetic algorithm. Meanwhile, the formation process of jet was analyzed by pulsed X-ray photography. The results show that the velocity, length-diameter ratio and specific kinetic energy of the LEFP were closely related to the structural parameters of the shaped charge. After the optimization of charge structure, the forming effect and penetration ability of LEPP had been significantly improved. The experimental data of jet velocity and length were consistent with the numerical results, which verifies the reliability of the numerical results.     

爆轰波斜冲击作用下破片飞散特性研究

为研究非对称结构战斗部的破片飞散特性,利用斜激波理论对爆轰波作用于壳体表面的过程进行研究,并利用自由面速度倍增定律对波在自由面反射后质点速度的计算进行简化,得到了破片飞散角的计算模型。利用D型战斗部试验数据对计算模型进行验证,结果表明,斜激波理论计算得到的破片飞散与试验结果吻合很好;当入射角较小时,壳体飞散角与入射角成线性关系。     

环境温度对导弹发动机点火时机的影响及控制策略

针对埋入式进气道在发动机点火时刻对导弹飞行攻角的严格限制,提出了攻角点火窗口的概念;以助推器在低温、常温和高温下的推力数据为基础,分别计算了导弹飞行攻角进入攻角点火窗口的时刻,并对时刻差异进行动力学分析;为消除环境温度变化对点火指令发出时机的影响,引入伪攻角信号,设计攻角控制律。半实物仿真结果表明,该控制方法能有效消除环境温度变化对导弹飞行攻角进入攻角点火窗口时刻的影响,且能够使导弹攻角在发动机点火过程中保持稳定,具有一定的工程实用价值。     

破片对反辐射导弹战斗部毁伤效能仿真

分析了“哈姆”反辐射导弹目标特性及破片对其毁伤模式,建立了破片对反辐射导弹战斗部毁伤效能模型,研究了不同质量破片对反辐射导弹战斗部的穿透能力和引爆能力。仿真及试验结果表明：单枚破片质量为15g,速度在1700m/s以上,就足以对反辐射导弹战斗部达到解体性毁伤,它为未来反导弹药战斗部设计提供了重要参考。     

点火载荷下翼柱型装药结构完整性数值分析

针对固体火箭发动机翼柱型装药在点火载荷下结构完整性问题,提出了一种考虑三维损伤黏弹性本构性的数值模拟方法.基于商业有限元软件的二次开发平台,编写用户子程序,展开有限元数值计算,获取翼柱型装药在固化降温、点火载荷下装药结构的应力、应变与位移场分布.结果表明,在温度载荷与点火载荷下,药柱内表面变形模式是不同的.然而,不管在...     

Experimental and numerical study of the fragmentation of expanding warhead casings by using different numerical codes and solution techniques

There has been increasing interest in numerical simulations of fragmentation of expanding warheads in 3D. Accordingly there is a pressure on developers of leading commercial codes, such as LS-DYNA, AUTODYN and IMPETUS Afea, to implement the reliable fracture models and the efficient solution techniques. The applicability of the Johnson–Cook strength and fracture model is evaluated by comparing the fracture behaviour of an expanding steel casing of a warhead with experiments. The numerical codes and different numerical solution techniques, such as Eulerian, Lagrangian, Smooth particle hydrodynamics (SPH), and the corpuscular models recently implemented in IMPETUS Afea are compared. For the same solution techniques and material models we find that the codes give similar results. The SPH technique and the corpuscular technique are superior to the Eulerian technique and the Lagrangian technique (with erosion) when it is applied to materials that have fluid like behaviour such as the explosive and the tracer. The Eulerian technique gives much larger calculation time and both the Lagrangian and Eulerian techniques seem to give less agreement with our measurements. To more correctly simulate the fracture behaviours of the expanding steel casing, we applied that ductility decreases with strain rate. The phenomena may be explained by the realization of adiabatic shear bands. An implemented node splitting algorithm in IMPETUS Afea seems very promising.     

爆炸成型弹丸侵彻靶板的数值仿真

基于LS-DYNA的动力学分析通用有限元程序,对爆炸成型弹丸形成和侵彻靶板过程进行了数值仿真。建立了数值仿真模型,利用数值模拟技术实现了弹丸的形成以及不同药型罩结构对爆炸成型弹丸形成的影响,实现了侵彻过程中弹丸的变形与靶板的破坏状况可视化,同时对仿真结果进行了分析。通过对爆炸成型弹丸侵彻靶板的数值仿真,为开展爆炸成型弹丸毁伤机理研究奠定了良好的基础。     

A melt-cast Duan-Zhang-Kim mesoscopic reaction rate model and experiment for shock initiation of melt-cast explosives

A melt-cast Duan-Zhang-Kim (DZK) mesoscopic reaction rate model is developed for the shock initiation of melt-cast explosives based on the pore collapse hot-spot ignition mechanism. A series of shock initiation experiments was performed for the Comp B melt-cast explosive to estimate effects of the loading pressure and the particle size of granular explosive component, and the mesoscopic model is validated against the experimental data. Further numerical simulations indicate that the initial density and formula proportion greatly affect the hot-spot ignition of melt-cast explosives.     

双球破片冲击柱壳装药的临界起爆条件

为了研究导弹战斗部(柱壳装药)在破片场中的累积毁伤问题,在现有单破片起爆平板装药的Jacobs-Roslund经验准则的基础上,分别建立了考虑破片尺寸、破片撞击角度、柱壳装药的装药半径和壳体厚度的单球破片、双球破片冲击柱壳装药临界起爆条件的工程分析模型.该模型计算结果与数值模拟结果和现有试验结果相吻,证明利用该模型能较...     

Fragment spatial distribution of prismatic casing under internal explosive loading

Non-cylindrical casings filled with explosives have undergone rapid development in warhead design and explosion control. The fragment spatial distribution of prismatic casings is more complex than that of traditional cylindrical casings. In this study, numerical and experimental investigations into the fragment spatial distribution of a prismatic casing were conducted. A new numerical method, which adds the Lagrangian marker points to the Eulerian grid, was proposed to track the multi-material interfaces and material dynamic fractures. Physical quantity mappings between the Lagrangian marker points and Eulerian grid were achieved by their topological relationship. Thereafter, the fragment spatial distributions of the prismatic casing with different fragment sizes, fragment shapes, and casing geometries were obtained using the numerical method. Moreover, fragment spatial distribution experiments were conducted on the prismatic casing with different fragment sizes and shapes, and the experimental data were compared with the numerical results. The effects of the fragment and casing geometry on the fragment spatial distributions were determined by analyzing the numerical results and experimental data. Finally, a formula including the casing geometry parameters was fitted to predict the fragment spatial distribution of the prismatic casing under internal explosive loading.     

Thermodynamics and performance of Al/CuO nanothermite with different storage time

The storage stability of energetic materials is important for its application. Here, the storage stability of Al/CuO nanothermite, which was prepared by electrospray method and stored with different storage time, was systematically researched. The activation energy of Al/CuO nanothermite was calculated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The ignition temperature and the curve pressure history of Al/CuO nanothermite was measured using ignition temperature measuring device and constant-volume pressurization tests, respectively. Further, the thermites were characterized by X-ray Diffractometer (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results show that the morphology of the thermites did not change significantly. The activation energy was decreased from 254.1 kJ/mol to 181.8 kJ/mol after storage for 13 months. When stored for 0, 7 and 13 months, the peak pressures of Al/CuO nanothermite were 685.8 kPa, 626.3 kPa and 625.5 kPa, respectively. In addition to the ignition temperature, it was 775 ℃, 739 ℃ and 754 ℃, respectively. This result indicated that the ignition and combustion properties of Al/CuO nano-thermite are obviously reduced when stored for a long time, at room temperature.     

杀爆弹对主战坦克毁伤评估仿真

在全面分析杀爆弹对主战坦克毁伤效应的基础上，针对冲击波和破片对坦克外部件的毁伤，利用计算机仿真方法进行杀爆弹对主战坦克毁伤评估。利用射击线技术构建了杀爆弹对主战坦克毁伤评估模型；基于蒙特卡洛随机模拟试验法，开发了计算程序，进行了以破片杀伤为主的杀爆弹对主战坦克毁伤效应仿真评估，得到了车体命中破片数随炸点坐标变化规律，以及坦克整体毁伤概率随杀爆弹终点速度变化规律。研究结果为主战坦克目标易损性分析与毁伤评估提供了重要参考。     

易燃液体三元混合物闪点自燃点实验研究

利用自动低温闭口闪点测定仪、自动引燃温度测定仪对醇、酮、酯等不同情况下组成的三元混合液体的闪点、自燃点变化规律进行了实验研究，采用Taylor多项式，拟合出了三元混合液体闪点、自燃点随组分配比变化的经验计算公式，并通过实验数据对其进行了验证。     

Thermal and combustion behavior of Al-MnO2 nanothermite with poly(vinylidene fluoride -co- hexafluoropropylene) energetic binder

Fluoropolymers get increasing attention in energetic materials application due to the high fluorine content. To explore the effect of poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (P(VDF-HFP)) on Al/MnO2 nanothermite, the samples with different contents are prepared and characterized by SEM, TG-DSC, XRD, and their ignition and combustion behavior are tested and recorded. The results show that P(VDF-HFP) as an energetic binder can combine the nanothermite components together, even exist in the gaps. The integrity of energetic materials has been improved. Thermal analysis shows that the addition of P(VDF-HFP) greatly changes the thermal reaction processes, and the exothermic peaks appear early, but the utilization of fuel and oxidizer is not efficient from the XRD results. Furthermore, the appropriate addition of P(VDF-HFP) can directly reduce the ignition energy threshold and increase the combustion time, which is necessary for the potential ignition charge application. The possible reasons for above phenomena are discussed and analyzed. This research provides a reference for improvement of thermite-based ignition charge formulation.     

油料洞库油气爆炸抑制数值模拟

根据受限空间油气爆炸及抑爆过程的发展规律和机理以及爆炸燃烧和抑爆的特点,建立了基于分步反应控制机理的爆炸燃烧及抑爆模型,解决了爆炸及抑爆发展过程中火焰和压力波相互耦合机制,克服了化学反应与多相流动耦合时计算和存储方面的困难,缓解了控制方程求解时的"刚性",数值仿真结果与实验吻合较好。研究显示,火焰在传播过程中,由于受到湍流和气体流动影响,形状不断发生变化,不是一直加速传播的,而是呈一定波动范围加速传播的;在狭长受限空间内,油气混合物的爆炸压力和火焰速度会大幅升高,不加以抑制将导致严重的破坏后果;在抑爆区由于抑爆剂强烈的物理、化学抑制作用以及两相间进行的能量和动量交换,充满抑爆区的抑爆剂云(雾)能很好地阻断爆炸燃烧火焰的持续传播,从而使爆炸压力失去油气持续燃烧所提供能量的补充而迅速衰减,爆炸传播迅速得到抑制。     

Hazard evaluation of ignition sensitivity and explosion severity for three typical MH2 (M＝Mg,Ti, Zr) of energetic materials

MgH2, TiH2, and ZrH2 are three typical metal hydrides that have been gradually applied to composite explosives and propellants as additives in recent years. To evaluate ignition sensitivity and explosion severity, the Hartmann device and spherical pressure vessel were used to test ignition energy and ex-plosion pressure, respectively. The results showed that the ignition sensitivity of ZrH2, TiH2 and MgH2 gradually increased. When the concentration of MgH2 is 83.0 g/m3 in Hartmann device, the ignition energy attained a minimum of 10.0 mJ. The explosion pressure of MgH2 were 1.44 times and 1.76 times that of TiH2 and ZrH2, respectively, and the explosion pressure rising rate were 3.97 times and 9.96 times that of TiH2 and ZrH2, respectively, through the spherical pressure vessel. It indicated that the reaction reactivity and reaction rate of MgH2 were higher than that of TiH2 and ZrH2. In addition, to conduct in-depth theoretical analysis of ignition sensitivity and explosion severity, gas production and combus-tion heat per unit mass of ZrH2, TiH2 and MgH2 were tested by mercury manometer and oxygen bomb calorimetry. The experimental results revealed that MgH2 had a relatively high gas production per unit mass (5.15 mL/g), while TiH2 and ZrH2 both had a gas production of less than 2.0 mL/g. Their thermal stability gradually increased, leading to a gradual increase in ignition energy. Furthermore, compared with theoretical combustion heat, the combustion ratio of MgH2, TiH2 and ZrH2 was more than 96.0%, with combustion heat value of 29.96, 20.94 and 12.22 MJ/kg, respectively, which was consistent with the explosion pressure and explosion severity test results.     

Experimental investigation on enhanced damage to fuel tanks by reactive projectiles impact

Enhanced damage to the full-filled fuel tank,impacted by the cold pressed and sintered PTFE/AL/W reactive material projectile(RMP)with a density of 7.8 g/cm3,is investigated experimentally and theoretically.The fuel tank is a rectangular structure,welded by six pieces of 2024 aluminum plate with a thickness of 6 mm,and filled with RP-3 aviation kerosene.Experimental results show that the kerosene is ignited by the RMP impact at a velocity above 1062 m/s,and a novel interior ignition phenomenon which is closely related to the rupture effect of the fuel tank is observed.However,the traditional steel projectile with the same mass and dimension requires a velocity up to 1649 m/s to ignite the kerosene.Based on the experimental results,the radial pressure field is considered to be the main reason for the shear failure of weld.For mechanism considerations,the chemical energy released by the RMP enhances the hydrodynamic ram(HRAM)effect and provides additional ignition sources inside the fuel tank,thereby enhancing both rupture and ignition effects.Moreover,to further understand the enhanced ignition effect of RMP,the reactive debris temperature inside the kerosene is analyzed theoretically.The initiated reactive debris with high temperature provides effective interior ignition sources to ignite the kerosene,resulting in the enhanced ignition of the kerosene.