Social benefits of government investment in enterprises

A critical issue for many governments is boosting the adoption rates of products or technologies that enhance consumer surplus or total social welfare. Governments may, for example, pay subsidies to producers or to consumers to stimulate the manufacture or consumption of specific products, for example, energy-efficient appliances or more effective drugs. This research proposes a strategic government investment policy, namely, share acquisition, and demonstrates its effectiveness in reaching societal objectives. We consider a Cournot quantities-choice market comprised of homogeneous firms where the government intervenes to buy shares, and turning private firms into state-owned enterprises. We recognize that purchasing a single private firm is the optimal policy for the government to reach its societal objectives. Additionally, taking into consideration financial constraints, we find that the optimal stake increases with the budget. Compared with the optimal output-based subsidy policy, when the budget is low, the optimal government investment policy induces a higher consumer surplus. In addition, in differentiated Cournot competition, under which firms compete in selling substitutable products, we find that when the budget is sufficient, the optimal stake purchased first decreases and then increases according to the substitutability level among products.     

Beyond balancing? Intrastate conflict and US grand strategy

Grand strategic theorists share an historical emphasis on interstate conflict, yet in contrast to the more frequent intrastate conflicts, these represent only 7 of the some 273 US military deployments since 1900. We argue that these intrastate conflicts limit the utility of regional balances of power in mitigating forms of conflict that the US may consider inimical to its national security interests. When considering potential changes to US force posture and grand strategy, American coercive statecraft should be theorised along a broader strategic continuum encompassing the full range of conflict.     

宽严相济刑事政策的刑法化研究

和谐社会语境下的宽严相济的刑事政策是传统的惩办与宽大相结合刑事政策的复归，它应当是新时期的基本刑事政策。任何刑事政策都应实践性地转化为刑法规范，宽严相济的刑事政策也应当加速其刑法化的进程。我国现行刑罚结构总体上存在着“当轻不轻“‘当重不重”的倒挂性局面，应尽快修改刑法来根本扭转刑罚轻重失衡的局面。宽严相济的刑事政策强调“宽”与“严”二者不可偏废，当下风行于刑法学界的一元的轻刑论应当为我们所摒弃。     

Brazilian National Defence Policy: foreign policy,national security,economic growth,and technological innovation

ABSTRACT

With the world’s ninth largest economy and comprising nearly 60% of South America’s GDP, 47% of its territory, and 49% of its population, Brazil has become a regional power and an important actor in world affairs over recent decades. This scenario has led the government to re-evaluate its role in the world order, resulting in the enactment of the National Defence Policy, whose objective was to consolidate the country as a regional power while at the same time addressing national security issues, promoting economic development through a series of defence programmes, restructuring the defence industrial base, fostering innovation through technology and knowledge transfer to Brazil, and indigenous research and development. However, the policy’s implementation suffers from several challenges discussed in this article, which may test the capability and competence of Brazilian policymakers, military, industrialists, and other individuals and organisations involved in its implementation.     

Strategic and Budgetary Necessity,or Decision-making ‘Along the Grain’? The Royal Navy and the 1981 Defence Review

The 1981 Defence Review undertaken by John Nott as Secretary of State for Defence controversially and dramatically cut the capabilities of the Royal Navy’s surface fleet. Many of those involved in these decisions have emphasised the budgetary and politico-strategic drivers for these reductions in capability, and the first generation of academic analysis has broadly followed this position. However, recently released government and private archival sources demonstrate that Nott’s review was initially much more severe than thought, and that this was due as much to the presumptions and assumptions of the key decision makers as to any strategic or budgetary factors.     

有限次故障小修模型

针对具有小修的维修策略问题,在提出一定的假设条件后,建立经过长期运行后的单位时间期望损失的模型,研究并分析了有限次故障小修模型,最后通过相应的示例验证了研究结果。     

A sequential dynamic pricing model and its applications

Consider a sequential dynamic pricing model where a seller sells a given stock to a random number of customers. Arriving one at a time, each customer will purchase one item if the product price is lower than her personal reservation price. The seller's objective is to post a potentially different price for each customer in order to maximize the expected total revenue. We formulate the seller's problem as a stochastic dynamic programming model, and develop an algorithm to compute the optimal policy. We then apply the results from this sequential dynamic pricing model to the case where customers arrive according to a continuous‐time point process. In particular, we derive tight bounds for the optimal expected revenue, and develop an asymptotically optimal heuristic policy. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2004.     

武警后勤保障社会化改革绩效评估与政策建议

为检验武警后勤保障社会化成果,促进其健康发展,抽取了30个样本单位为重点调研对象,搜集整理相关数据,建立绩效评价模型,进行实证研究,对武警部队后勤保障社会化的实施情况进行评估,提出了相应的政策建议。     

大学生入伍动机分析

2009年兵役制度的调整使普通高校在校生有了更多步人军营的机会。不同的入伍动机影响着大学生的个人发展和军队的长期建设。本文运用心理学动机理论,对大学生入伍动机的产生进行分析,探讨如何培养和激发大学生入伍的动机。     

两栖装甲装备腐蚀与防护专家系统（A4ES）推理机（A4RE）的设计

研究了在Microsoft Windows XP操作系统下,用Microsoft Access XP管理数据,建立车辆防护上下文树和知识库,并在此基础上以Delphi 7.0为编程语言开发出了求出所有解的正向推理机(A4RE).详细介绍了上下文树、知识库的构造方法和推理策略,并给出了数据库结构、推理逻辑流程图.该推理机已应用于两栖装栖装甲装备腐蚀与防护专家系统.