Between Man and Nature: The Enduring Wisdom of Sir Halford J. Mackinder

This article argues for the continued relevance of the work and theories of the British Geostrategist Sir Halford J. Mackinder (1861-1947). It asserts that commentators and scholars who seek to marginalise Mackinder have too often dismissed his theories without setting them in the context of their continued endorsement in crucial areas of the globe. After 1945, despite his theories being tainted by association with Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan, both Moscow and Washington recognised the utility of Mackinder’s work and tailored policy accordingly. The end of Cold War saw Mackinder fall out of favour as his model was deemed unsuitable for policy analysis by a number of influential thinkers. It is argued here that, in recent years, the arena of international politics has seen a rehabilitation of Mackinder, accompanied by a resurgence of interest in Geopolitics. Finally, the piece examines those areas of the contemporary globe where Mackinder’s influence is greatest.     

NCO相位截断对频域抗干扰性能影响分析

频域抗干扰易于工程实现、窄带干扰抑制性能好,是目前全球卫星导航系统(Global Navigation Satellite System,GNSS)抗干扰接收机中广泛采用的抗干扰算法。频域抗干扰接收机普遍采用数控振荡器(numerically controlled oscillator, NCO)生成本振信号。由于硬件约束,通常需要对NCO进行相位截断。而NCO相位截断是否合理对抗干扰性能影响较大。针对该问题,从NCO相位截断导致的本振杂散着手,从理论上分析其对混频和频域抗干扰环节的影响。在此基础上,给出一种NCO查找表地址位宽的理论计算模型,使得接收机的载噪比损耗接近无NCO相位截断的频域抗干扰接收机。仿真表明,抑制带宽大于100kHz、干信比小于80dBc的窄带干扰时,计算的NCO查找表地址位宽不超过10bit。无NCO相位截断的频域抗干扰接收机相比,采用NCO混频的抗干扰接收机的载噪比损耗最多增加0.6dB。     

基于搜索论的远程反舰导弹搜捕概率建模方法

针对传统捕捉概率模型难以满足远程反舰导弹机动搜捕概率建模计算的问题,提出利用搜索论进行导弹机动搜捕概率计算的建模方法。该方法根据目标机动规律建立其分布概率密度函数,并依据末制导雷达发现目标概率的"倒四次方律"及弹目相对运动轨迹,构建其探测函数,通过求取两者之积的积分实现搜捕概率计算。计算结果显示:若远程反舰导弹不采取机动搜捕策略,目标指示误差增加1km时搜捕概率降低0.47,目标速度增加10节时搜捕概率降低0.3,末制导雷达搜索半径减小50%时搜捕概率降低0.3;若采取平行搜捕策略,上述因素对其影响大幅下降。可见,该方法综合考虑了目标机动规律、传感器探测规律、导弹搜捕策略,可实现远程反舰导弹机动搜捕概率的解算。     

基于等效电路和点电流源的潜艇水下腐蚀电场估算

为了对潜艇涂层破损状态的水下腐蚀电场进行快速评估,基于电化学腐蚀原理和潜艇结构特点,建立潜艇涂层局部破损时的腐蚀电流等效电路,对潜艇涂层局部破损时的腐蚀电流强度进行估算,并基于点电流源对潜艇腐蚀电场建模,将潜艇涂层破损部位和裸露螺旋桨等效为点电流源,利用点电流源在分层介质中的电场计算公式对潜艇涂层破损时的腐蚀稳恒电场进行估算。与某型潜艇腐蚀电场商业有限元软件COMSOL仿真结果对比表明：该估算方法得到的潜艇表面腐蚀电流和不同路径电场分布曲线规律与COMSOL仿真结果基本一致,电流估算值相对误差不超过6.5%,电场各分量峰峰值相对误差不超过18%。     

高超声速圆柱绕流中驻点热流的稀薄效应

采用Fay-Riddell关系式、直接模拟Monte Carlo方法和基于直接模拟Monte Carlo流场温度的Fourier传热三种热流表达方式,分别对比研究了不同来流克努森数(Kn)和不同来流马赫数(Ma)的结果,以期从微观视角给出经典连续方法在稀薄流区高估驻点热流的新理解。结果表明,驻点热流的稀薄效应体现在三个方面:一是温度跳跃,削弱温度梯度导致驻点热流降低;二是壁面附近平动非平衡,导致Fourier热传导定律失效且高估热流;三是壁面约束,致使Fourier热传导定律在距壁面3倍分子平均自由程内高估热流。     

基于任务和角色的分布式工作流安全模型

针对现有基于角色访问控制的缺陷和分布式工作流管理系统的特性,在传统的基于角色的访问控制模型中引入任务集(Tasks)、任务实例集(TaskInstances)和任务上下文(TaskContext)的概念,将传统的user role permission权限赋予结构修改为user role task permission权限赋予结构,建立了基于任务和角色的访问控制模型,给出了其形式化定义。该模型解决了传统的基于角色访问控制中的动态适应性差和最小权限约束假象的问题,用于分布式工作流管理系统,提高了安全性、实用性。     

极大单调算子零点的逼近问题

设H为实Hilbert空间,C为H的非空闭凸子集,T:C→2H为极大单调算子,假设S(T)={x∈H:0∈Tx}≠Φ。 xk∈H,βk>0,求 xk及ek满足( )　　xk+ek∈ xk+βkT( xk),‖ek‖≤ηk‖xk- xk‖, k≥0,其中,ηk≥0,supk>0ηk<1,βk≥β>0。设PC:H→C为H到C上的最近点投影算子,定义xk+1=PC( xk-ek),k≥0,证明了若T满足(S)型条件,则{xk}k≥0强收敛于T的某个零点。     

BBO晶体II型相位匹配光参量振荡器的输出线宽

采用355nm脉冲激光作为泵浦源,对影响BBO晶体II型相位匹配光参量振荡器输出线宽的各种物理机制进行了数值模拟计算和分析。结果表明,II型相位匹配是光参量振荡器获得窄线宽的有效而简单的手段。     

A standardized scan statistic for detecting spatial clusters with estimated parameters

The scan statistic based on likelihood ratios (LRs) have been widely discussed for detecting spatial clusters. When developing the scan statistic, it uses the maximum likelihood estimates of the incidence rates inside and outside candidate clusters to substitute the true values in the LR statistic. However, the parameter estimation has a significant impact on the sensitivity of the scan statistic, which favors the detection of clusters in areas with large population sizes. By presenting the effects of parameter estimation on Kulldorff's scan statistic, we suggest a standardized scan statistic for spatial cluster detection. Compared to the traditional scan statistic, the standardized scan statistic can account for the varying mean and variance of the LR statistic due to inhomogeneous background population sizes. Extensive simulations have been performed to compare the power of the two cluster detection methods with known or/and estimated parameters. The simulation results show that the standardization can help alleviate the effects of parameter estimation and improve the detection of localized clusters. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2012     

Optimal inventory control policy for periodic‐review inventory systems with inventory‐level‐dependent demand

We consider a setting in which inventory plays both promotional and service roles; that is, higher inventories not only improve service levels but also stimulate demand by serving as a promotional tool (e.g., as the result of advertising effect by the enhanced product visibility). Specifically, we study the periodic‐review inventory systems in which the demand in each period is uncertain but increases with the inventory level. We investigate the multiperiod model with normal and expediting orders in each period, that is, any shortage will be met through emergency replenishment. Such a model takes the lost sales model as a special case. For the cases without and with fixed order costs, the optimal inventory replenishment policy is shown to be of the base‐stock type and of the (s,S) type, respectively. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2012