Scale-up synthesis and characterization of 2,6-diamino-3,5-dinitropyrazine-1-oxide

2,6-diamino-3,5-dinitropyrazine-1-oxide (ANPZO), as an insensitive high explosive, with a high yield and excellent purity has been prepared at pilot plant scale by an improved method. The synthesized ANPZO is characterized by IR, laser granularity measurement, SEM and HPLC. The particle analysis revealed that the improved method could offer desired product with average particle size of 40 μm and high purity (>98.45%). The experimental parameters exhibited that the detonation velocity of the formulation based on ANPZO was higher than that of the corresponding TATB formulation. The DSC curve showed that the exothermic decomposition of the product occurred at the temperature between 300.5 °C and 360.4 °C. Furthermore, the sensitivity test suggests its safe nature towards mechanical stimulus.     

On the continued acceleration of bomb casing fragments following casing fracture

It has been said that, once a bomb casing has fractured, “detonation gases will then stream around the fragments or bypass them, and the acceleration process stops there.” However, while apparently copious gas flow through casing fractures indicates some pressure release, it is also an indication of significant gas drive pressure, post casing fracture. This paper shows two approaches to the problem of calculating the actual loss of drive. One presents first-order analytical calculations, in cylindrical geometry, of pressure loss to the inside surface of a fractured casing. The second shows the modelling of a selected example in the CTH code. Both approaches reveal that gas escape, while occurring at its own sound-speed relative to the adjacent casing fragments, has to compete with rapid radial expansion of the casing. Together with some historic experiments now publicly available, our calculations indicate that post-fracture casing fragment acceleration is, for most systems, unlikely to be reduced significantly.     

Analysis on the resistive force in penetration of a rigid projectile

According to the dimensionless formulae of DOP (depth of penetration) of a rigid projectile into different targets, the resistive force which a target exerts on the projectile during the penetration of rigid projectile is theoretically analyzed. In particular, the threshold V_c of impact velocity applicable for the assumption of constant resistive force is formulated through impulse analysis. The various values of V_c corresponding to different pairs of projectile-target are calculated, and the consistency of the relative test data and numerical results is observed.     

Interface defeat studies of long-rod projectile impacting on ceramic targets

The interface defeat phenomenon always occurs when a long-rod projectile impacting on the ceramic target with certain velocity, i.e., the projectile is forced to flow radially on the surface of ceramic plates for a period of time without significant penetration. Interface defeat has a direct effect upon the ballistic performance of the armor piercing projectile, which is studied numerically and theoretically at present. Firstly, by modeling the projectiles and ceramic targets with the SPH (Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics) particles and Lagrange finite elements, the systematic numerical simulations on interface defeat are performed with the commercial finite element program AUTODYN. Three different responses, i.e., complete interface defeat, dwell and direct penetration, are reproduced in different types of ceramic targets (bare, buffered, radially confined and oblique). Furthermore, by adopting the validated numerical algorithms, constitutive models and the corresponding material parameters, the influences of projectile (material, diameter, nose shape), constitutive models of ceramic (JH-1 and JH-2 models), buffer and cover plate (thickness, constraints, material), as well as the prestress acted on the target (radial and hydrostatic) on the interface defeat (transition velocity and dwell time) are systematically investigated. Finally, based on the energy conservation approach and taking the strain rate effect of ceramic material into account, a modified model for predicting the upper limit of transition velocity is proposed and validated. The present work and derived conclusions can provide helpful reference for the design and optimization of both the long-rod projectile and ceramic armor.     

An investigation on anti-impact and penetration performance of basalt fiber composites with different weave and lay-up modes

The woven basalt fiber composites (WBFC) and the unidirectional [0°/90°/45°/-45°]_s basalt fiber composites (UBFC) were prepared by hot-pressing. Three-point bending test, low velocity impact test, and ballistic test were performed to the prepared composites. After the tests, the specimens were recovered and analyzed for micromorphology. Three-point bending tests show that both the bending strength and stiffness of the WBFC surpass those of the UBFC. Low velocity impact test results show that the low velocity impact resistance to hemispherical impactor of the UBFC is higher than that of the WBFC, but the low velocity impact resistance to sharp impactor of the UBFC is lower than that of the WBFC. For the ballistic test, it can be found that the ballistic property of the UBFC is higher than that of the WBFC. After the tests, microscopic analysis of the specimens was applied, and their failure mechanism was discussed. The main failure modes of the UBFC are delamination and fibers breakage under the above loading conditions while the main failure mode of the WBFC is fibers breakage. Although delamination damage can be found in the WBFC under the above loading conditions, the degree of delamination is far less than that of the UBFC.     

飞机反区速度矢量不稳定及其控制的机理

在信号流图的基础上,提出多回路分析的方法,并用于研究反区时速度矢量不稳定及其稳定控制的机理。建立了纵向动力学的信号流图,并证明了一个回路的收敛性定理。在此基础上,通过理论分析得出了速度矢量不稳定在不同层面上的原因,也得出了速度和轨迹的发散度表达式等,并表明阻力-速度曲线、轨迹角-速度曲线、极曲线、阻力系数曲线等存在相互对应的反区和正区,并且阻力-速度曲线和轨迹角-速度曲线在斜率上成比例。研究得出进场动力补偿系统下速度矢量的稳定临界条件、收敛度、稳定机理等,理论分析和仿真比较了速度恒定进场动力补偿系统和迎角恒定进场动力补偿系统在控制性能上的差异。     

具有终端角度约束的H_∞制导律设计

针对导弹对地面运动目标精确攻击时姿态约束的H_∞末制导问题,提出了一种新的具有终端角度约束的制导律.基于二维弹目相对运动学的非线性关系,并将目标机动运动和系统结构摄动作为外部的扰动,建立了垂直平面内弹目相对运动的数学模型.以命中点终端姿态角跟踪误差和控制能量最小为性能指标,同时基于零化弹目视线角速率的思想, 设计得到了非线性H_∞鲁棒制导律.该方法利用Lyapunov稳定理论严格证明了制导系统的全局渐近稳定性,而非求解HJI偏微分方程,同时也避免了对剩余时间的估计.数字仿真表明这种制导律在不需要任何目标运动信息的情况下,仍然保证终端角度和制导精度的要求,具有很强的鲁棒性和适应性.     

弹丸速度的数字化激光幕测试技术

针对传统弹丸速度测量方法的局限,提出一种新的弹丸速度测试技术——数字化激光幕结合互相关速度测量算法的测试技术,并给出了激光总体测速方案、测速原理以及互相关测速方法,经靶场试验验证测试效果良好。     

外弹道数据融合实时算法研究

信息融合技术可以大大减轻指挥决策的工作量,增加信息置信度,减少模糊性,改善系统可靠性.针对靶场实时测控数据处理中急待解决的成片野值干扰等难题,在实时环境中采用数据融合处理方法,讨论了外弹道数据融合实时算法所面临的关键技术,并通过分析与论证得出可行性结论.结论对进一步的系统设计与软件实现具有指导意义.     

差压式管道内检测机器人驱动力与速度分析

差压式管道内检测机器人是利用管道中流动介质压力差驱动的检测装置,机器人受力情况及周围流场分布对其运动状态有着重要的影响。通过对检测机器人受力分析和数值模拟,讨论了影响给定机器人驱动力的主要因素,得到了以水为流动介质在水平管道情况下,水流速度与机器人稳态速度的近似关系式,为以后进一步研究机器人定位提供帮助。