Limiting cyberwarfare: applying arms-control models to an emerging technology

ABSTRACT

An arms race in cyberspace is underway. US and Western government efforts to control this process have largely been limited to deterrence and norm development. This article examines an alternative policy option: arms control. To gauge whether arms-control models offer useful lessons for addressing cyber capabilities, this article compiles a new dataset of predominantly twentieth-century arms-control agreements. It also evaluates two case studies of negotiated agreements that regulate dual-use technologies, the 1928 Geneva Protocol prohibiting chemical- and biological-weapon use and the 1944 Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation. The analysis underscores the limits of norm development for emerging technologies with both civilian and military applications. It finds lessons for developing verifiable, international cooperation mechanisms for cyberwarfare in the regulatory model of international aviation. Conventionally, arms-control agreements take advantage of transparent tests or estimates of arms. To restrict cyberwarfare activities, experts and policy makers must adapt arms-control models to a difficult-to-measure technology at an advanced stage of development and use. Further investigation of international regulatory schemes for dual-use technology of similar diffusion and development to the internet, such as international civil aviation, is needed.     

Models of scientific and technological review for the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention

ABSTRACT

Science and technology (S&T) review is key to anticipating developments in the life sciences that may benefit or run contrary to the aims of the 1972 Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention. It serves as a mechanism for both preparing against novel biological threats and identifying the best opportunities for developing and sharing the life sciences to the fullest extent. In the age of rapidly advancing biotechnology, S&T review needs to be wide ranging, involve a diverse set of inputs, and be transparent about its methods and data. This viewpoint considers four models of S&T review and their capacity to respond to the challenge of the life sciences: standing advisory boards; ad hoc working groups; peer review; and wikis. It then identifies a hybrid model that is suitably broad, diverse, and transparent.     

Dual‐ascent and primal heuristics for production‐assembly‐distribution system design

This article proposes two dual‐ascent algorithms and uses each in combination with a primal drop heuristic embedded within a branch and bound framework to solve the uncapacitated production assembly distribution system (i.e., supply chain) design problem, which is formulated as a mixed integer program. Computational results indicate that one approach, which combines primal drop and dual‐ascent heuristics, can solve instances within reasonable time and prescribes solutions with gaps between the primal and dual solution values that are less than 0.15%, an efficacy suiting it for actual large‐scale applications. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2013     

雷达虚拟维修训练中交互系统的通用性

基于USB接口技术对"通用雷达装备虚拟维修训练系统(URVMTS)"的人机交互系统进行研究,通过合理的软、硬件设计实现了系统的通用性。不同的实装操作部件经过适当的信号调理均可以通过该系统方便地实现与雷达虚拟样机之间的交互。着重介绍了交互系统的通用性设计与实现方法,包括系统的通用性设计方案,USB硬件电路的通用性设计及相应的软件开发。     

航空电子总线测试系统的设计与实现

现代航空电子综合化系统通常建立在M IL-STD-1533B多路传输数据总线通信网络基础之上,总线控制器(BC)和各个远程终端(RT)必须满足M IL-STD-1553B规定的各项协议指标要求,才能正确地联网通讯。讨论了某型航空电子总线测试系统的设计与实现,主要探讨了此系统的软、硬件开发,系统组成及其BC和RT有效性测试的主要内容和要求。在实际应用中收到了很好的效果。     

机构可靠性

本文讨论了机构可靠性问题,指出机构可靠性主要取决于运动副的约束条件的稳定性.其中,包括运动约束条件和几何形状约束条件的稳定性,这就使机构可靠性研究的着眼点更为明确.     

Multi‐period maintenance scheduling of tree networks with minimum flow disruption

We introduce a multi‐period tree network maintenance scheduling model and investigate the effect of maintenance capacity restrictions on traffic/information flow interruptions. Network maintenance refers to activities that are performed to keep a network operational. For linear networks with uniform flow between every pair of nodes, we devise a polynomial‐time combinatorial algorithm that minimizes flow disruption. The spiral structure of the optimal maintenance schedule sheds insights into general network maintenance scheduling. The maintenance problem on linear networks with a general flow structure is strongly NP‐hard. We formulate this problem as a linear integer program, derive strong valid inequalities, and conduct a polyhedral study of the formulation. Polyhedral analysis shows that the relaxation of our linear network formulation is tight when capacities and flows are uniform. The linear network formulation is then extended to an integer program for solving the tree network maintenance scheduling problem. Preliminary computations indicate that the strengthened formulations can solve reasonably sized problems on tree networks and that the intuitions gained from the uniform flow case continue to hold in general settings. Finally, we extend the approach to directed networks and to maintenance of network nodes. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2011     

一种多处理机集束总线互连结构性能分析

针对紧耦合多处理机系统中采用的集束总线结构 ,对系统中单个处理机的处理效率进行了分析 ,据此 ,提出了关于该类互连结构中总线和存储器设置方面的建议。最后 ,对集束总线结构、共享总线结构和分布式总线结构系统的性能进行了比较分析。     

谈毛泽东与鲁迅“心之相通”之处

本文从旧式教育与名师影响、国民性的改造与民族精神复兴、硬骨头精神与倔强性格、反判传统与双重人格等四个方面对毛泽东和鲁迅进行了比较研究 ,指出两位伟人之间在许多方面的相似之处 ,为毛泽东所说的“我的心和鲁迅是相通的”做了阐释和注脚