液体火箭发动机离心式喷嘴振荡喷雾特性现状和发展趋势

为加深对振荡喷雾的雾化特性及其与不稳定燃烧的关系的认识,针对低温推进剂液体火箭发动机中广泛应用的气液同轴离心式喷嘴和液液同轴离心式喷嘴,从受激振荡、自激振荡以及喷雾振荡与燃烧稳定性三个方面对研究现状进展进行了综述,总结了以往研究中的成果以及需要克服的关键技术难题,以加深对振荡喷雾及其与燃烧稳定性关系的认识。通过综述可知：对于受激振荡,对于常温常压条件下的供应系统流量振荡引起的前端压力振荡的研究比较充分,但缺少对燃烧室压力变化引起的反压振荡的研究以及超临界条件下喷雾受激振荡的研究;对于自激振荡,研究主要集中在液体中心型同轴离心喷嘴,对于气体中心型同轴离心喷嘴和液液同轴离心喷嘴的研究还较少;光学诊断技术仍难以提取单一的燃烧流场信息。     

弹性压应力波作用下直杆动力失稳的差分解

以受载端简支、远端固支弹性直杆为例,通过对直杆微元的动力平衡分析导出了直杆动力失稳的控制方程,这与用哈密顿原理得出的方程完全一致。利用差分方法求解了动力屈曲方程,解出了动力失稳模态以及临界力参数和动力特征参数的值。特别分析了随着动力特征参数由零增加到一定值后,由静力失稳模态过渡到动力失稳模态的过程。结果表明,对于等效长度直杆,动力失稳临界压力要远大于静力失稳的临界压力。     

Compensating military veterans in South Africa

This article outlines the widespread needs of South African military veterans and the possible consequences if the promises made in the recent Military Veterans Act are not met. The first part of the article defines who generally qualifies as a military veteran, how they are typically compensated in various countries with specific reference to neighbouring southern African countries, and what the consequences are when veterans become disenchanted with the state. The second part focuses on South Africa and the recent debates on military veterans and their entitlements. With reference to the findings of a qualitative study conducted among military veterans, parliamentary debates and media reports, an assessment is made of the demands and affordability of promised benefits and the consequences should the state not deliver. The conclusion is reached that heightened expectations are presently frustrated by slow roll-outs, and this is likely to increase the possibility of protest action. This has now the potential to create further tension within the ruling party and civil society, as the pressure on public finances mounts and demands become unsustainable. The effect this may have on political stability will depend on how the government manages this issue.     

Nuclear weapons,existential threats,and the stability–instability paradox

Recent scholarship has largely ignored systematic differences in the existential threats that nuclear-weapon possessors pose to other states. This study theorizes that the capacity to pose existential threats shapes nuclear-armed states’ willingness to use military force against one another. We explore three hypotheses regarding how nuclear-based existential threats can deter conflict or encourage it, including under the conditions proposed by the stability–instability paradox. We rely on a statistical analysis of nuclear-armed dyads from 1950 to 2001 and employ the Nuclear Annihilation Threat (NAT) Index to capture variation in the existential threats nuclear-armed states pose to one another. We find that being able to pose an existential threat to another state emboldens potential initiators to use military force but does not deter attacks. The emboldening effects are particularly strong under the hypothesized conditions of the stability–instability paradox. Our study provides unique contributions to ongoing debates over the political effects of nuclear weapons.     

基于不稳定性采样的主动学习方法

传统的主动学习方法往往仅基于当前的目标模型来挑选样本,而忽略了历史模型所蕴含的对未标注样本预测稳定性的信息。因此,提出基于不稳定性采样的主动学习方法,依据历史模型的预测差异来估计每个未标注样本对提高模型性能的潜在效用。该方法基于历史模型对样本的预测后验概率之间的差异来衡量无标注样本的不稳定性,并挑选最不稳定的样本进行查询。在多个数据集上的大量实验结果验证了方法的有效性。     

Neglected but affected: voices from the oil-producing regions of Ghana and Uganda

The ‘resource curse’ is the paradoxical theory frequently used to explain how a seemingly desirable asset, such as oil, can actually pervert an economy, erode governance, perpetuate conflict, and ruin local communities to the extent that it becomes a curse. New oil discoveries in western Ghana and western Uganda have raised concerns for the democratic prospects and future stability of these countries and their surrounding regions. Based on field interviews in these oil-producing regions, this report summarises how local communities have been affected thus far and their concerns for the future. The authors assess the extent to which each country is vulnerable to oil-induced instability, and identify groups or communities that would be most likely to perpetuate it. Lastly, it provides some assessment of the future trajectory of each country.     

液体火箭发动机燃烧不稳定性分析与热释放声放大机理

应用计算流体动力学方法对液体火箭发动机燃烧室内高频不稳定燃烧现象进行了数值仿真。气相方程用欧拉坐标系下的Ｎａｖｉｅｒ－Ｓｔｏｋｅｓ方程组描述,液相控制方程用Ｌａｇｒａｎｇｉａｎ坐标系下进行描述,湍流模型采用高雷诺数的ｋ－ε双方程模型。在燃烧室内加入正弦形脉冲扰动评定燃烧稳定性。引用Ｒａｙｌｅｉｇｈ热释放声放大机理对计算结果进行了分析,并对不同的扰动系数和液滴初始直径描出了燃烧稳定性极限图     

展向局部加热与圆柱尾流的绝对不稳定性

采用对圆柱展向局部电加热的方式,在水槽中实验研究了临界/亚临界雷诺数圆柱尾流的绝对不稳定性.利用可控电加热改变圆柱表面温度分布,对二维圆柱绕流引入局部三维扰动,观察其对于临界/亚临界雷诺数圆柱尾流稳定性的影响.研究表明,在临界雷诺数状态,圆柱绕流尾流具有绝对不稳定性;在亚临界雷诺数状态,圆柱绕流尾流则是对流不稳定的.加热圆柱展向局部涡脱落存在锁频现象.     

Rayleigh-Taylor不稳定性的SPH模拟

采用SPH方法模拟了流体界面的Rayleigh Taylor不稳定性,给出了界面初始扰动的发展过程,得到了蘑菇状的扰动图像,并对两种不同初始分布的扰动过程进行了比较。分析表明,计算结果合理,SPH方法适合于界面不稳定性的模拟。     

Terrorism in Nigeria

Using the Boko Haram terrorist group in Nigeria as a point of departure, this paper examines the implications of the operations of terrorist groups on the security and stability of states in West Africa. It predominantly utilises secondary sources of data. Findings indicate that the membership and operations of this terrorist group are spreading across the sub-region. This spread is consequent upon Boko Haram's collaboration with other terrorist groups within West Africa and beyond. This constitutes threats to the security and stability of states in the sub-region. Thus, the paper recommends, among other things: a thorough understanding of the operational strategies of terrorist groups by states and those involved in security policymaking in the sub-region; and for agreements to be reached among Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) member states and their governments for collaboration in various areas in order to curtail transnational crime and terrorism, and reduce socio-economic inequality that generates aggressive behaviours among the less privileged.