Attributing Cyber Attacks

Who did it? Attribution is fundamental. Human lives and the security of the state may depend on ascribing agency to an agent. In the context of computer network intrusions, attribution is commonly seen as one of the most intractable technical problems, as either solvable or not solvable, and as dependent mainly on the available forensic evidence. But is it? Is this a productive understanding of attribution? — This article argues that attribution is what states make of it. To show how, we introduce the Q Model: designed to explain, guide, and improve the making of attribution. Matching an offender to an offence is an exercise in minimising uncertainty on three levels: tactically, attribution is an art as well as a science; operationally, attribution is a nuanced process not a black-and-white problem; and strategically, attribution is a function of what is at stake politically. Successful attribution requires a range of skills on all levels, careful management, time, leadership, stress-testing, prudent communication, and recognising limitations and challenges.     

集成广义模糊函数在雷达多目标分辨中的应用

多目标分辨是常规雷达功能的扩充。由于集成广义模糊函数是单、多分量多项式相位信号检测与参数估计的有效工具，将其应用于雷达多目标分辨中是完全可行的，这已被文中对雷达实测数据的分析所证实。为适应雷达实际工作需求，文中探讨了尚待进一步解决的关键问题。