不同分散剂对纳米SiO_2水中分散的影响

选取六偏磷酸钠(SHMP)、十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)及KCl作分散剂,并采用超声分散方法,制备纳米SiO2悬浮液,对纳米SiO2的水中分散性能进行研究。测试分散体系中纳米SiO2粒子的粒径及分布、Zeta电位及透光率,探讨了不同分散剂对纳米SiO2分散性能的影响。结果表明:不同分散剂对纳米SiO2的粒径都有明显影响,但粒径分布宽度差别较大;同在分散粒径较小的条件下,分别添加3种分散剂的悬浮液体系具有不同的稳定性,其中含SDBS的分散体系因静电和空间位阻的作用而表现出良好的分散稳定性。     

线型炸药羽状水幕视频分析

为防御高速掠海飞行的反舰巡航导弹对海军舰船的袭击,海军水面战中心(达黑格伦)分部(简称NSWCDD)正致力开发一项有效的防御技术,这项技术采用了一种新型的杀伤武器——水幕,这将为海军舰船提供一种费用低而通用性好的末端防御系统。水幕是由若干水下爆炸物在浅水爆炸后形成的。为支持水幕防御技术的发展并验证其价值,1995年7月进行了鳞片状线形炸药的水下爆炸试验,试验的目的是为了确定连续型和离散型线形炸药在水下爆炸后在空中形成喷射水柱的数量。长30～56英尺装有C-4炸药的连续型线形炸药在水下爆炸后在水面上形成羽状水雾。装有C-4炸药,重10磅,间距8英尺的5到8枚离散型线形炸药在水下依次爆炸后同样可以形成羽状水雾。线形炸药的布放深度和离散型炸药的水平间距应使喷射水柱的数量最大。安置在线形炸药垂直和平行方向的VHS摄像机以每秒30帧的速度拍摄下水幕的形成过程,爆炸试验产生的水幕尺寸可以通过记录在录像带上的数字化图像来确定。本报告提出了这一系列(爆炸)试验中分别由连续和离散型线形炸药的水下爆炸生成的水幕高度和外形测量结果。     

气液同轴双离心式喷嘴喷雾特性

采用流体体积方法分析涡流器离心式喷嘴内部流动过程,采用单反相机和相位多普勒测速仪测量离心式喷嘴、气液同轴双离心式喷嘴的喷雾特性。发现涡流器离心式喷嘴内部流动的总压损失主要发生在涡流器槽道入口、收敛段和等直段。等直段使液膜厚度减小,喷雾锥角减小。离心式喷嘴喷雾粒径分布范围沿径向逐渐增加,轴向速度分布范围沿径向先减小后逐渐增加。气液同轴双离心式喷嘴喷雾特性受气液比影响很大,气液比小时旋流空气使喷雾锥角增加,粒径分布范围减小;气液比大时,气体膨胀压缩喷雾,使大液滴能够到达喷雾中心,喷雾外侧为二次雾化成的细小液滴。     

微乳液法在纳米催化剂制备中的应用及研究进展

综述了微乳液法制备纳米催化剂的基本原理和主要方法以及近年来在催化剂制备中的一些应用.对微乳液法制备纳米催化剂的一些影响因素:如水的含量及表面活性剂的结构和种类对微乳液"水池"尺寸的影响以及对最终形成的纳米粒子粒径的影响,反应物浓度对形成的纳米催化剂粒子的粒度大小和分布的影响,负载粒子对催化剂粒子烧结温度及稳定性等多方面的影响进行了探讨与分析,并对该领域的研究发展作了展望.     

水雾雾滴初始位置对喷雾冷却性能的影响

为揭示集水箱内水雾雾滴喷射的初始位置对喷嘴喷雾冷却性能的影响,利用欧拉-拉格朗日方法和离散相模型对发动机排气集水箱内横流喷雾冷却过程进行了三维数值模拟。结果表明:当雾滴进入烟气流场的初始位置距离分隔板小于0.14m时,部分雾滴进入循环涡流区,大量雾滴与分流管管壁反复碰撞,在管壁上形成液膜,使得雾滴蒸发速率降低;当雾滴初始位置位于(0.14,0.23)m时,两相掺混较好,且随着距离的减小,雾滴有效运动行程增加,喷雾冷却效果增强;当雾滴初始位置大于0.23m时,雾滴未在排气室进行螺旋运动而是随气流直接排出集水箱,蒸发时间短,喷雾冷却效果不显著。     

含灭火添加剂细水雾粒径分布规律

为了研究含灭火添加剂细水雾灭火机理,从添加剂对细水雾粒径分布的影响着手,利用全自动表面张力仪、实时喷雾激光粒度仪对含不同添加剂的细水雾粒径分布进行了研究。结果表明：磷酸二氢铵和尿素使水的表面张力略有增加,氟表面活性剂（Fc-134）和碳氢表面活性剂（APG）以及由4种添加剂组成的复合添加剂使水的表面张力大幅降低;磷酸二氢铵使粒径为2.09～26.23μm的雾滴数略有减少,粒径为31.06～462.33μm的雾滴数略有增加;氟表面活性剂（Fc-134）使粒径为8.05～22.16μm的雾滴数增加,粒径为22.17～278.64μm的雾滴数减少,粒径为278.65～1075.09μm的雾滴完全消失;碳氢表面活性剂（APG）使粒径为2.09～31.06μm的雾滴数减少,粒径为36.77～141.86μm的雾滴数增加;而复合添加剂使粒径为2.09～31.06μm的雾滴数减少,粒径为36.77～198.82μm的雾滴数增加。     

高温气流内雾滴运动与蒸发特性的理论分析

建立了高温气流内雾滴运动与蒸发的数学模型,对雾滴在高温气流内的运动与蒸发特性进行了理论分析。结果表明,雾滴在高温气流内的运动分为变速段和恒速段,雾滴终端速度取决于气流速度;雾滴粒径越小,追随气流运动的能力越强;雾滴在高温气流内蒸发时,粒径随时间呈指数规律递减。     

透气防毒服气动力学吸附特性装置的设计

为了研究透气防毒服在野战条件下的实际防毒性能，建立了一套适用于研究透气防霉素服气动力学吸附特性的实验装置。该装置的特点是利用风洞作为其气流流动的管道，并设有一个圆筒织物夹具。风洞装置使管道内的气流均匀，圆筒织物夹具体现了防护服周围气流的复杂空气动力学过程，所以气动力学试验的结果可以预测防护服实际的防护效果。通过测试风洞试验段的气流速度分布和毒剂浓度分布以及圆筒织物内外浓度均匀性，可知该装置具有理想的气流速度和浓度分布的均匀性，为开展毒剂蒸气和气溶胶对防护服的穿透研究奠定了实验基础。     

煤油超音速燃烧的试验研究

在地面直连式试车台上,研究了煤油碳氢燃料超燃冲压发动机的点火燃烧性能。通过测量模型发动机壁面压力分布,比较了不同工况下的煤油点火燃烧性能。试验结果表明,在当量比为0.27～1.46的大范围内,煤油在超燃冲压模型发动机中能够成功点火,支板和凹腔对煤油在超声速气流中的点火及稳定燃烧有重要作用,少量氢气的喷入对煤油的点火燃烧有良好的促进作用。太厚的支板、过高的当量比、模型发动机第一级燃烧室加入燃料过多会使发动机壅塞,影响隔离段的正常工作,进而影响加热器喷管工作。     

柴油机起动过程喷雾撞壁试验研究

基于柴油机油泵试验台设计了可视化定容弹喷雾撞壁试验系统,针对不同粗糙度燃烧室壁面,在起动工况下进行了喷雾撞壁试验,研究了喷油速率、背景气体压力和壁面粗糙度对喷雾撞壁的影响。结果表明:在高喷油速率和低背景气体压力下,喷雾撞壁时刻提前,喷雾撞壁扩散距离增大;在相同喷油速率及背景气体压力下,撞壁扩散距离随壁面粗糙度增大而减小,在喷雾进行3. 0 ms时,喷雾在粗糙度Ra=43μm壁面上的撞壁扩散距离为12. 6mm,在粗糙度Ra=65μm壁面上的撞壁扩散距离为11. 2 mm。     

An Unlikely Alliance: Portuguese and South African Airpower in Angola, 1968–1974

The war that Portugal was obliged to fight in Africa began in 1961 and immediately stretched the resources of its armed forces. Nowhere was this thinness more apparent than in policing the vast territory of Angola. The east and southeast of Angola were particularly vulnerable, as the area was a vast, sparsely populated region characterised by enormous featureless plains or chanas covered in tall grass and broken by an extensive river system and mountainous forests. The only military solution to policing these immense spaces was aviation and specifically the helicopter that could carry troops into battle, protect them with a gunship and bring them home when the operation was concluded. The immediate problem for the Portuguese Air Force (Força Aérea Portuguesa or FAP) in Angola and elsewhere was a scarcity of helicopters. The solution was an alliance with South Africa, which had a strong inventory of Alouette IIIs, to help in policing the east. This move was likewise in the interest of South Africa, as its threat came from Zambia through south-eastern Angola. This article examines the strategic and tactical development of this unusual, cross-cultural alliance and the symbiotic relationship that resulted in destruction of the enemies of both in Angola.     

国内外结构钢焊条研究的现状与发展

本文主要介绍了国外焊条的现状和发展趋势,包括焊条的高韧性、高效率、低尘低毒和耐吸潮性能,为国内的焊条研究提供了参考依据。     

A Sign of Victory?: ‘Scottish Swords’ and Other Weapons in the Possession of the ‘Auld Innemie’

Many late medieval documents, notably inventories of arms and armour, of Englishmen contain references to ‘Scottish swords’ and other weapons. What did the compilers of these documents mean when they described a weapon as ‘Scottish’? How did such weapons come to be in the possession of these men? This article will attempt to explain this phenomenon drawing on primary documentary sources and surviving material culture from Glasgow Museums’ collections and others, as well as artworks from the period.     

Helping hands: civil–military cooperation and Italy's military operation abroad

In the Post-Bipolar Era the growing complexity of the military operations requires a new approach for the resolution of international crises. Since the end of the Cold War, peace support operations (PSO) have become the mainstay and principal occupation of most Western armies. At the same time, Italy has been one of the most important actors in such an area. The article focuses on the cooperation between military and civil components (a process called CIMIC) as a key variable in the Italian PSOs. We will analyse in detail the main lessons learned from past military interventions as well as the general context in which new tendencies are taking place. The maintaining of a minimum security frame becomes essential to fulfil activities ‘collateral’ to the mission: reconstructing services and infrastructure, food distribution, water and medication, law and order, de-mining, training of local forces, and supporting local institutions. These are the main tasks to obtain thrust and support from the population.     

Terrorism,insurgency, kidnapping,and security in Africa's energy sector

Energy continues to serve as the bedrock of modern economies and the main driver of modern society. For Africa, the production and supply of energy resources such as crude oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, biomass, biofuels and other renewables are an important source of employment, rents, taxes, royalties and profits. This sector brings in several tens of billions of dollars of revenue annually. The production and delivery of such resources, however, depend on critical infrastructures such as pipelines, refineries, processing plants, terminals, rigs, electrical energy pylons, substations, pump stations, vessels, and tankers. These infrastructures have been attacked by terrorists, insurgents, vandals and saboteurs, all of whom see them as targets against which to register their grievances and extract concessions from the state. This paper is a chronological account of some of the documented incidents of terrorism, insurgency, kidnapping, destruction, sabotage, and human casualties suffered in the oil and gas sectors in Africa between 1999 and 2012. It is based on data extracted from the databases of the RAND Database of World Terrorism Incidents and the University of Maryland's Global Terrorism Database (GTD).     

Cyberpower in Strategic Affairs: Neither Unthinkable nor Blessed

Abstract

This article explores the effect of connectivity on strategic affairs. It argues that the effect on war's character is potentially, although not yet shown in practice, considerably large. Its effect upon the distribution of power among states in the international system is small, contrary to the claims of ‘cyberwar’ alarmists. All told, however, its effect upon strategic affairs is complex. On the one hand, it represents a significant advance in the ‘complexification’ of state strategies, understood in the sense of the production of intended effects. On the other hand, strategists today – still predominantly concerned with the conflicts and confrontations of states and organised military power – are generally missing the power which non-traditional strategic actors, better adapted to the network flows of the information age, are beginning to deploy. These new forms of organization and coercion will challenge the status quo.     

Tacit support for terrorism: The rapprochement between the USSR and Palestinian guerrilla organizations following the 1967 war

This article demonstrates the inconsistent and wavering Soviet attitude towards national liberation movements in general and the Palestinian organizations in particular. Until the late 1960s, the Soviets viewed these organizations with suspicion, hesitating to engage in political dialogue with them. However, in the 1970s, political and military events in the region, as well as modifications in the Kremlin's Cold War strategies, led to a general shift towards the Middle East in Soviet foreign policy. Soviet leaders showed increased willingness to provide certain Palestinian organizations with arms with which to conduct terrorist activities against Israeli, pro-Israeli, Jewish and Western targets. The article explores the complex relations between Palestinian organizations and the USSR in the field of international terror. The study also exposes and analyzes the nature and content of Soviet–Palestinian arms dialogues and transactions. It provides clear evidence that Soviet policymakers and other luminaries were fully informed of, and sometimes directly involved in, these transactions and dialogues at the highest levels.     

A1 Qaeda and the radical Islamic challenge to western strategy

The September 11 global crisis prompted by the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon raises major questions concerning the nature and trajectory of terrorism in the post-Cold War global order. Hitherto, terrorism has been largely debated by analysts at the level of nation states. Terrorist and insurgent movements have also been largely anchored in nationalist and ethnic power bases even when they have sought to mobilise a transnational ideological appeal on religious or class grounds. There have been a few exceptions to this pattern such as the alliance between the German Baader-Meinhof group and the Japanese Red Army Faction, but even such international alliances as this did not, until at least the 1980s, presage anything like a global terrorist network necessitating a global strategic response. This study examines terrorism and global strategic responses.