历代屯垦纵览

我国政府在新疆组织屯垦,从公元前105年开始,至今已有2100多年的历史。西汉、东汉、魏晋南北朝、隋朝、唐朝、元朝、清朝等17个政府,先后在新疆组织各族军民进行过大规模的屯垦戍边活动。     

近代以来新疆反分裂斗争历史规律的启示

中共中央军委主席江泽民在视察新疆时明确指出：“新疆是我国西北一个具有重要战略地位的省区，保持这一地区社会政治的稳定是一件关系全局的大事。”江泽民的重要指示，深刻揭示了新疆在国家整体发展战略中的地位和作用，指明了维护新疆安全稳定对于做好新时期军事斗争准备工作的极端重要性。历史是现实之源，现实是历史的延续。新疆的分裂颠覆活动，都能追溯到它的历史根源。近代新疆的分裂活动，主要是从帝国主义侵略中国，导致中国近代边疆的危机开始的，并且从未停止过。从清朝统一新疆至今２４０多年中，围绕着分裂与反分裂的斗争依然…     

建省时期新疆防务建设全面展开之原因

左宗棠收复新疆后,清朝统治阶级在治边理念方面开始向近代化转型,新疆设省之议进入清朝统治者的视野,晚清治边理念转变是新疆防务建设全面展开的前提。1884年新疆建省,成为晚清新疆防务建设全面展开的保证,使晚清新疆防务建设达到顶峰。刘锦棠出任新疆巡抚,是新疆建省后防务建设得以全面展开的关键。     

略论中国传统法制结构与清朝的新疆治理

清朝对新疆的治理,虽然采用了＂从俗从宜＂的政策,但由于清王朝以儒家学说和传统法制为立国之本,因此,清朝治理新疆的政策和具体制度,也无不显现出中国传统法制结构的特征。     

乾嘉道时期内地与哈萨克之贸易

<正>18世纪中后期至19世纪上半期,是清朝政治稳定,经济发展,繁荣时期.内地与边疆地区的经济联系进一步加强,特别是与少数民族的商业贸易活动十分频繁.新疆与内地商业贸易往来的频繁程度亦达到前所未有的水平.新疆与内地的商业贸易往来,历史悠久,源远流长.内地的丝、布、茶和生产工具等     

新疆生产建设兵团的历史与发展

正(2014年10月)目录前言一、建立与发展二、职责与体制三、开发与建设四、维稳戍边与促进民族团结前言屯垦戍边是中国几千年开发和保卫边疆的历史遗产。中央政府在西域新疆大规模屯垦戍边始于2000多年前的西汉,以后历代沿袭。1949年新疆和平解放,1954年中央政府决定在新疆成立生产建设兵团。这是符合中国国情和新疆实际的战略举措,也是历史经验在新的历史条件下的继承和发展。     

民国时期新疆初等教育史略

<正>民国时期的新疆初等教育的基础是清末举办的新式学堂.清朝末年,清政府为挽救崩溃的政局,举办新政,创设学校.截止到1910年,新疆地方当局创建的各类初等学堂598所,在校学生14,423人.辛亥革命后,杨增新执掌新疆军政大权,新疆教育一落千丈,据统计,1912年新疆境内只有学校60所.在校学生1802人(其中国民学校33所,在校学生1138人;高级小学     

近代海军的“贵族学校”

在中国近代海军历史上曾有过一所“贵族学校”,这所特殊的海军学校就是清朝末年建立的昆明湖水师学堂。1885年中法战争之后,清政府痛感海防危机,下旨“大治水师”,清朝海军进     

清朝中期军事经济政策的失误及其影响

鸦片战争的失败, 使得中国屈辱于帝国主义侵略近百年。造成百年惨史的历史根源,总的说是封建主义长期的腐朽统治,而其直接的历史根源,则不能不从清朝中期政治、经济、军事、文化和科技政策方面去追寻。本文拟从清朝中期经济政策失误方面,探讨其对近代军事史的影响,以吸取其教训。清朝从取得政权开始,经过顺治、康熙两代半个多世纪的整治,基本上医治了明末天下大乱以来的疮痍。从18世纪初到19世纪初,是     

斯人长已矣 风范驻人间——写在纪念王震同志诞辰一百周年之际

新中国成立以来的新疆历史,从新疆的解放到新疆的社会主义革命与开发建设,是与一个人紧密相连的,这个人就是王震同志。同样,新中国屯垦戍边的历史,党的屯垦戍边事业,从新疆军区生产建设部队到新疆生产建设兵团,从兵团的创立到发展壮大,无不凝聚着一个人的心血,这个人也是王震同志。     

Reviews

Douglas S. Derrer, We Are All the Target: A Handbook of Terrorism Avoidance and Hostage Survival. Annapolis, MD: US Naval Institute Press, 1992. Pp. x+135, notes, index. $14.95. ISBN 01–55750–150–5

Ian Knight, Zulu: Isandlwana and Rorke's Drift, 22–23 January 1879. London: Windrow & Greene, 1992. Pp.136, 150 illus., incl 8 colour plates, maps, biblio. £35. ISBN 1–872004–23–7

Ian Knight, By the Orders of the Great White Queen: Campaigning in Zululand through the Eyes of the British Soldiers, 1879. London: Greenhill Books and Novato: Presidio Press, 1992. Pp. 272, 17 illus., 1 map. £18.95. ISBN 1–85367–122–3

Manfried Rauchensteiner and Erwin A. Schmidl (eds.), Formen des Krieges: vom Mittelalter zum ‘Low‐intensity’ Conflict’. Graz : Verlag Styria, 1991. Pp.208. DM35. ISBN 3–22–12139–7

Harold J. Kearsley, Maritime Power and the Twenty‐First Century. Dartmouth: Dartmouth Publishing Company, Limited, 1992. Pp.xv + 203, 13 diagrams, index. £32.50. ISBN 1–85521–288–9     

Putin – the masked nemesis of the strategy of ambiguity

Recent events demonstrate the complex and adaptive approach employed by Russia to reassert influence in Europe. The changing face of Russia’s strategy commenced in 2007 when it launched a crippling cyber-attack against Estonia. This was followed by a large Russian conventional attack against Georgia in 2008, occupying two large areas of the nation. 2014 witnessed the Russian annexation of Crimea where in just a week, Russia seized control of Crimea “without firing a shot.” The annexation of Crimea was rapidly followed by a Russian inspired and led subversive war in eastern Ukraine. The common thread among these diverse Russian operations is its use of ambiguity to confound and confuse decision makers in the West.     

Book Reviews

Patrick Finney (ed.), The Origins of the Second World War. London: Arnold, 1997. Pp.xvi + 461, index. £15.99. ISBN 0–340–67640‐X.

Maria Emilia Paz, Strategy, Security, and Spies: Mexico and the US as Allies in World War II. University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1997. Pp.xii + 264, 10 illus., biblio., index. $55 (cloth); $19.95 (paper). ISBN 0–271–01665–5 and 01666–3.

Norman J.W. Goda, Tomorrow the World: Hitler, Northwest Africa and the Path toward America. College Station, Texas A&;M University Press, 1998. Pp.xxvi + 307, 2 maps, biblio., index. $39.95. ISBN 0–89096–807–1.

Michael J. Hogan, A Cross of Iron: Harry S. Truman and the Origins of the National Security State, 1945–1954. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998. Pp.xii + 525, biblio., index. £25; $34.95. ISBN 0–521–64044‐X.

Stephen Van Evera, Causes of War: Power and the Roots of Conflict. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1999. Pp.viii + 270, index. $35. ISBN 0–801403201–4.

Eric Arnett (ed.), Nuclear Weapons and Arms Control in South Asia after the Test Ban, SIPRI Research Report No.14. Oxford: Oxford University Press/Stockholm Int Peace Research Institute, 1998. Pp.viii + 98, index. £12.99. ISBN 0–19–8294115.

T.V. Paul, Richard J. Harknett and James J. Wirtz (eds.), The Absolute Weapon Revisited: Nuclear Arms and Emerging International Order. Ann Arbor, Michigan: The University of Michigan Press, 1998. Pp.vi + 312, index. $47.50/£36. ISBN 0–472–10863–8.     

Helping hands: civil–military cooperation and Italy's military operation abroad

In the Post-Bipolar Era the growing complexity of the military operations requires a new approach for the resolution of international crises. Since the end of the Cold War, peace support operations (PSO) have become the mainstay and principal occupation of most Western armies. At the same time, Italy has been one of the most important actors in such an area. The article focuses on the cooperation between military and civil components (a process called CIMIC) as a key variable in the Italian PSOs. We will analyse in detail the main lessons learned from past military interventions as well as the general context in which new tendencies are taking place. The maintaining of a minimum security frame becomes essential to fulfil activities ‘collateral’ to the mission: reconstructing services and infrastructure, food distribution, water and medication, law and order, de-mining, training of local forces, and supporting local institutions. These are the main tasks to obtain thrust and support from the population.     

Tacit support for terrorism: The rapprochement between the USSR and Palestinian guerrilla organizations following the 1967 war

This article demonstrates the inconsistent and wavering Soviet attitude towards national liberation movements in general and the Palestinian organizations in particular. Until the late 1960s, the Soviets viewed these organizations with suspicion, hesitating to engage in political dialogue with them. However, in the 1970s, political and military events in the region, as well as modifications in the Kremlin's Cold War strategies, led to a general shift towards the Middle East in Soviet foreign policy. Soviet leaders showed increased willingness to provide certain Palestinian organizations with arms with which to conduct terrorist activities against Israeli, pro-Israeli, Jewish and Western targets. The article explores the complex relations between Palestinian organizations and the USSR in the field of international terror. The study also exposes and analyzes the nature and content of Soviet–Palestinian arms dialogues and transactions. It provides clear evidence that Soviet policymakers and other luminaries were fully informed of, and sometimes directly involved in, these transactions and dialogues at the highest levels.     

Panjwai: a tale of two COINs in Afghanistan

The US Army has two approaches to counterinsurgency operations in Afghanistan. One is hard, or combat-focused, and the other is soft, or development-focused. This study examines two US Army task forces deployed to Panjwai District, Afghanistan from 2012 to 2013. CTF 4-9 and 1-38 offer a meaningful comparison because they pursued these contrasting approaches among the same population and against the same enemy at the same time and place. The study compares each unit’s approach and finds that neither approach was successful absent the other. The article concludes by recommending further research into combining the approaches at the operational level.     

Statistical variability and fragility assessment of ballistic perforation of steel plates for 7.62 mm AP ammunition

The paper describes field test results of 7.62 × 51 mm M61 AP (armour piercing) ammunition fired into mild steel targets at an outdoor range. The targets varied from 10 mm to 32 mm in thickness. The tests recorded penetration depth, probability of perforation (i.e., complete penetration), muzzle and impact velocities, bullet mass, and plate yield strength and hardness. The measured penetration depth exhibited a variability of approximately ±12%. The paper then compared ballistic test results with predictive models of steel penetration depth and thickness to prevent perforation. Statistical parameters were derived for muzzle and impact velocity, bullet mass, plate thickness, plate hardness, and model error. A Monte-Carlo probabilistic analysis was then developed to estimate the probability of plate perforation of 7.62 mm M61 AP ammunition for a range of impact velocities, and for mild steels, and High Hardness Armour (HHA) plates. This perforation fragility analysis considered the random variability of impact velocity, bullet mass, plate thickness, plate hardness, and model error. Such a probabilistic analysis allows for reliability-based design, where, for example, the plate thickness with 95% reliability (i.e. only 1 in 20 shots will penetrate the wall) can be estimated knowing the probabilistic distribution of perforation. Hence, it was found that the plate thickness to ensure a low 5% probability of perforation needs to be 11–15% thicker than required to have a 50/50 chance of perforation for mild steel plates. Plates would need to be 20–30% thicker if probability of perforation is reduced to zero.     

India's counter-insurgency experience: the ‘trust and nurture’ strategy

The Indian Army, a force trained primarily for conventional warfare, has been engaged in internal counter-insurgency operations since the 1950s. Despite such a long innings on a counter-insurgency mode, little attention has been accorded within military circles to doctrinal innovation for waging sub-conventional warfare in India's democratic political context. At best, the Army continues to view counter-insurgency duty as secondary to its primary duty of defending India from external conventional threats. By conceptualizing a counter-insurgency strategy of ‘trust and nurture’, this article aims to fill this critical doctrinal gap in India's military policy. The author argues that a counter-insurgency strategy of ‘trust and nurture’ based on democratic political culture, measured military methods, special counter-insurgency forces, local social and cultural awareness and an integrative nation-building approach will result in positive handling of India's internal security problems. The author utilizes India's counter-insurgency experiences in Assam, Mizoram, Nagaland, Punjab, and Operation ‘Sadhbhavana’ in Jammu and Kashmir as illustrative empirical indicants in order to validate the ‘trust and nurture’ strategy.     

A1 Qaeda and the radical Islamic challenge to western strategy

The September 11 global crisis prompted by the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon raises major questions concerning the nature and trajectory of terrorism in the post-Cold War global order. Hitherto, terrorism has been largely debated by analysts at the level of nation states. Terrorist and insurgent movements have also been largely anchored in nationalist and ethnic power bases even when they have sought to mobilise a transnational ideological appeal on religious or class grounds. There have been a few exceptions to this pattern such as the alliance between the German Baader-Meinhof group and the Japanese Red Army Faction, but even such international alliances as this did not, until at least the 1980s, presage anything like a global terrorist network necessitating a global strategic response. This study examines terrorism and global strategic responses.     

Helping hands: external support for the KNU insurgency in Burma

This article analyses to what extent the Burmese KNU insurgency made use of external support from states, refugees, and diasporas. Based on extensive fieldwork it is concluded that support from neighbouring states and refugees has for years kept the Karen rebellion alive. Western countries perceived forms of resistance to the illegitimate Burmese regime as just and have therefore played a crucial role in the continuation of conflict in Karen State. It is important that policymakers and donors as well as executing organizations continue to reflect critically on the way they exercise their work.