基于ANP的多目标网络目标重要度评估方法＊

针对多目标网络中重心的抽象性及不易打击的特点,分析影响重心的关键要素及其依赖关系,提出了基于改进网络分析法的多目标网络重心模型,利用该模型分析目标相对于重心的重要度。研究了该模型涉及的两个关键技术,即改进判断矩阵以提高决策的速度和克服决策的主观性,利用协调理论确定要素之间的依赖关系。以分析某地区多目标网络的过程为例,验证了该模型的有效性和合理性。     

基于混合属性无监督聚类的作战目标分群

作战体系中目标分群在信息化战争中具有重要意义,能有效提升战场态势分析的输出,提高指挥人员的决策效率和质量.利用复杂网络基本特征量对网络进行定量描述,针对作战目标个体属性数据的多源性和异质性,分数值型属性和分类属性构建了有效的数据预处理算法,设计出融合作战目标的个体属性以及网络邻接关系的相似度模型和基于K-prototype的作战目标分群算法.实验结果表明基于复杂网络模块度的K-prototype算法结果优于现有的HSAPOTDG和GAPOTDG算法.     

基于复杂网络的机降作战目标选择方法

运用复杂网络理论,构建蓝军抗登陆部署网络模型,将机降作战目标选择问题转化为节点价值评估问题。将节点价值分为战术价值和网络价值两个维度,利用模糊偏序关系建立节点战术价值评估模型,定义节点连通度和节点关键度,确定节点网络价值评估算法,评估蓝军抗登陆部署网络中各节点的价值,进而确定机降作战目标。实例分析结果表明了该目标选择方法的有效性。     

基于活动环路的作战网络节点重要度评估方法

在原有研究的基础上,将作战活动和作战活动间的关联关系抽象成作战网络模型,对复杂作战网络节点重要度进行更细化的评估。在利用环介数指标评估的基础上分析了节点间的依赖关系,考量了作战活动环路的大小,定义了影响作战活动效能的影响因子。还分析了OODA环的节点重要度,证明考虑依赖关系和影响因子的作战网络节点重要度评估更为精确。通过与其他的评估方法比较分析,证明了该方法具有更高的区分度,适用于评价作战网络。     

基于禁忌搜索的作战重心分析与选择方法

研究了作战目标网络的重心分析与选择方法,为战场指挥员的指挥决策提供依据.定义了战场重心的概念,从考虑打击代价的角度建立重心发现的优化模型,给出了基于禁忌搜索的求解算法,并通过实验案例验证了模型和算法的有效性和可行性.     

基于贝叶斯网络的作战目标评估

在作战指挥决策活动的筹划阶段,对敌体系要害和关键点的分析,当前尚未形成系统方法。针对此问题,利用贝叶斯网络在非精确知识表达与推理领域的优势,提出了综合考虑目标价值、打击难度、打击效果等因素的作战目标评估模型。根据判别贝叶斯网络分类器性能优于生成贝叶斯网络分类器的特点,在经相关领域专家论证的样本数据集的基础上,采取梯度下降法训练得出评估模型各结点条件概率分布。最后,利用Netica仿真软件,经样本数据测试,证明了作战目标评估模型的合理性。     

航母编队反潜目标识别和威胁评估仿真

采用贝叶斯网络模型对目标识别、威胁评估是一种有效的定量分析方法。这里首次将贝叶斯网络模型运用到航母编队作战决策中识别水下目标和评估威胁等级。结合部队实际情况分别构建目标识别和威胁评估贝叶斯网络模型;基于部队实践数据、院校专家和查阅资料构建符合实际情况的条件概率表;最后通过仿真实验对水下目标进行识别和评估威胁等级,对比部队相关数据验证了贝叶斯网络对航母编队目标识别和威胁评估的有效性,能够为航母编队指挥员反潜作战提供一定的辅助决策。     

基于贝叶斯分类器的目标价值等级分析

现代战争作战目标繁多,从目标价值角度对目标的重要程度进行评估,建立了基于朴素贝叶斯分类器的目标价值评估模型,并利用基于无向完全图的贝叶斯分类器,将目标属性间的关系加入到评估模型中,为指挥员和决策机关的作战目标选择提供了科学的依据.     

考虑协同电子干扰效果的空战多目标分配

以多机协同多目标攻防对抗为背景,研究协同火力/电子战综合决策方法。提出雷达发现概率下降因子表示雷达发现能力的下降程度,来衡量电子干扰对目标威胁度的影响效果;以降低目标总体威胁为目标,建立了多机协同自卫有源压制电子干扰功率分配模型,并采用贪心算法进行求解;最后综合考虑电子干扰对目标威胁度的影响,改进了基于协同攻防的空战多目标分配算法。通过仿真分析证明该决策过程是可行的、有效的。     

战场目标价值偏好不确定分析模型

根据作战需要对战场目标价值进行分析并确定其先后顺序是炮兵、防空兵作战指挥员及指挥自动化辅助决策系统的一项重要任务.对目标价值分析算法进行了总结,分析了模型的一般结构特征.为解决以往算法中指标权重不确定性带来的问题,根据多属性决策的特点,运用模糊决策理论提出偏好不确定的战场目标价值计算模型.同以往目标价值分析算法相比,该模型具有较好的适应性及可操作性,为炮兵防空兵指挥员的决策行为提供了依据.     

An Unlikely Alliance: Portuguese and South African Airpower in Angola, 1968–1974

The war that Portugal was obliged to fight in Africa began in 1961 and immediately stretched the resources of its armed forces. Nowhere was this thinness more apparent than in policing the vast territory of Angola. The east and southeast of Angola were particularly vulnerable, as the area was a vast, sparsely populated region characterised by enormous featureless plains or chanas covered in tall grass and broken by an extensive river system and mountainous forests. The only military solution to policing these immense spaces was aviation and specifically the helicopter that could carry troops into battle, protect them with a gunship and bring them home when the operation was concluded. The immediate problem for the Portuguese Air Force (Força Aérea Portuguesa or FAP) in Angola and elsewhere was a scarcity of helicopters. The solution was an alliance with South Africa, which had a strong inventory of Alouette IIIs, to help in policing the east. This move was likewise in the interest of South Africa, as its threat came from Zambia through south-eastern Angola. This article examines the strategic and tactical development of this unusual, cross-cultural alliance and the symbiotic relationship that resulted in destruction of the enemies of both in Angola.     

国内外结构钢焊条研究的现状与发展

本文主要介绍了国外焊条的现状和发展趋势,包括焊条的高韧性、高效率、低尘低毒和耐吸潮性能,为国内的焊条研究提供了参考依据。     

A Sign of Victory?: ‘Scottish Swords’ and Other Weapons in the Possession of the ‘Auld Innemie’

Many late medieval documents, notably inventories of arms and armour, of Englishmen contain references to ‘Scottish swords’ and other weapons. What did the compilers of these documents mean when they described a weapon as ‘Scottish’? How did such weapons come to be in the possession of these men? This article will attempt to explain this phenomenon drawing on primary documentary sources and surviving material culture from Glasgow Museums’ collections and others, as well as artworks from the period.     

Helping hands: civil–military cooperation and Italy's military operation abroad

In the Post-Bipolar Era the growing complexity of the military operations requires a new approach for the resolution of international crises. Since the end of the Cold War, peace support operations (PSO) have become the mainstay and principal occupation of most Western armies. At the same time, Italy has been one of the most important actors in such an area. The article focuses on the cooperation between military and civil components (a process called CIMIC) as a key variable in the Italian PSOs. We will analyse in detail the main lessons learned from past military interventions as well as the general context in which new tendencies are taking place. The maintaining of a minimum security frame becomes essential to fulfil activities ‘collateral’ to the mission: reconstructing services and infrastructure, food distribution, water and medication, law and order, de-mining, training of local forces, and supporting local institutions. These are the main tasks to obtain thrust and support from the population.     

Terrorism,insurgency, kidnapping,and security in Africa's energy sector

Energy continues to serve as the bedrock of modern economies and the main driver of modern society. For Africa, the production and supply of energy resources such as crude oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, biomass, biofuels and other renewables are an important source of employment, rents, taxes, royalties and profits. This sector brings in several tens of billions of dollars of revenue annually. The production and delivery of such resources, however, depend on critical infrastructures such as pipelines, refineries, processing plants, terminals, rigs, electrical energy pylons, substations, pump stations, vessels, and tankers. These infrastructures have been attacked by terrorists, insurgents, vandals and saboteurs, all of whom see them as targets against which to register their grievances and extract concessions from the state. This paper is a chronological account of some of the documented incidents of terrorism, insurgency, kidnapping, destruction, sabotage, and human casualties suffered in the oil and gas sectors in Africa between 1999 and 2012. It is based on data extracted from the databases of the RAND Database of World Terrorism Incidents and the University of Maryland's Global Terrorism Database (GTD).     

Cyberpower in Strategic Affairs: Neither Unthinkable nor Blessed

Abstract

This article explores the effect of connectivity on strategic affairs. It argues that the effect on war's character is potentially, although not yet shown in practice, considerably large. Its effect upon the distribution of power among states in the international system is small, contrary to the claims of ‘cyberwar’ alarmists. All told, however, its effect upon strategic affairs is complex. On the one hand, it represents a significant advance in the ‘complexification’ of state strategies, understood in the sense of the production of intended effects. On the other hand, strategists today – still predominantly concerned with the conflicts and confrontations of states and organised military power – are generally missing the power which non-traditional strategic actors, better adapted to the network flows of the information age, are beginning to deploy. These new forms of organization and coercion will challenge the status quo.     

Tacit support for terrorism: The rapprochement between the USSR and Palestinian guerrilla organizations following the 1967 war

This article demonstrates the inconsistent and wavering Soviet attitude towards national liberation movements in general and the Palestinian organizations in particular. Until the late 1960s, the Soviets viewed these organizations with suspicion, hesitating to engage in political dialogue with them. However, in the 1970s, political and military events in the region, as well as modifications in the Kremlin's Cold War strategies, led to a general shift towards the Middle East in Soviet foreign policy. Soviet leaders showed increased willingness to provide certain Palestinian organizations with arms with which to conduct terrorist activities against Israeli, pro-Israeli, Jewish and Western targets. The article explores the complex relations between Palestinian organizations and the USSR in the field of international terror. The study also exposes and analyzes the nature and content of Soviet–Palestinian arms dialogues and transactions. It provides clear evidence that Soviet policymakers and other luminaries were fully informed of, and sometimes directly involved in, these transactions and dialogues at the highest levels.     

A1 Qaeda and the radical Islamic challenge to western strategy

The September 11 global crisis prompted by the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon raises major questions concerning the nature and trajectory of terrorism in the post-Cold War global order. Hitherto, terrorism has been largely debated by analysts at the level of nation states. Terrorist and insurgent movements have also been largely anchored in nationalist and ethnic power bases even when they have sought to mobilise a transnational ideological appeal on religious or class grounds. There have been a few exceptions to this pattern such as the alliance between the German Baader-Meinhof group and the Japanese Red Army Faction, but even such international alliances as this did not, until at least the 1980s, presage anything like a global terrorist network necessitating a global strategic response. This study examines terrorism and global strategic responses.