NON‐LINEARITY IN THE DEFENCE EXPENDITURE – ECONOMIC GROWTH RELATIONSHIP IN TAIWAN

As we enter the 21st Century, technologies originally developed for defense purposes such as computers and satellite communications appear to have become a driving force behind economic growth in the United States. Paradoxically, almost all previous econometric models suggest that the largely defense‐oriented federal industrial R&;D funding that helped create these technologies had no discernible effect on U.S. industrial productivity growth. This paper addresses this paradox by stressing that defense procurement as well as federal R&;D expenditures were targeted to a few narrowly defined manufacturing sub‐sectors that produced high tech weaponry. Analysis employing data from the NBER Manufacturing Productivity Database and the BEA’ s Input Output tables then demonstrates that defense procurement policies did have significant effects on the productivity performance of disaggregated manufacturing industries because of a process of procurement‐driven technological change.     

基于角色优化模型的装备采购项目组织流程设计

在装备采购项目组织流程设计中引入角色网络理论,构建装备采购项目组织流程设计的角色优化模型,从流程人员设计、工序设计和反馈设计等3个方面阐述角色优化模型用于流程设计的推导过程,并将该方法应用到某装备采购项目组织流程设计实践中。通过流程设计前后的对比分析,该模型能够有效进行装备采购项目组织流程设计,有着较强的推广和应用价值。     

基于模拟谈判的装备采购合同知识产权条款拟制研究

装备采购是我国国防能力建设最重要的手段之一,对加强我国军事能力建设、提高国际影响力至关重要.为了对装备采购合同各方知识产权的归属、利益分配等核心要素进行明确,对涉及的关键、领先国防知识产权进行保护,本文针对军队装备采购合同中知识产权相关条款较少的问题,开展了装备采购合同知识产权条款拟制研究.研究首先分析了装备采购的特点...     

European defence industry consolidation and domestic procurement bias

How have European cross-border defence industrial mergers and acquisitions affected domestic procurement bias among the major EU powers? This article departs from the findings of Andrew Moravcsik more than two decades ago suggesting that major West European states had no ingrained preferences for defence industrial autarchy. When cross-national armament projects were derailed, this could be attributed to political efforts of national defence industrial champions favouring purely domestic projects. As former national champions join pan-European defence groups, their preferences are likely modified. Does this shift procurement towards non-European “off-the-shelf” solutions which, according to Moravcsik, are favoured by defence departments? Or does it give impetus to a stronger preference for European as opposed to domestic systems? In this article, procurement patterns in the aftermath of cross-border defence industry consolidation will be analysed. Procurement bias is assessed in two industry segments characterised by pervasive consolidation.     

基于Vague集的装备采购项目组织结构评价方法

在装备采购项目组织评价中引入Vague集理论,在列举现有项目组织结构类型的基础上,构建项目组织结构评价指标体系,建立各项目组织结构和理想组织结构的Vague集,计算各项目组织结构和理想组织结构的相似度量,完成对装备采购项目组织结构的评价,为装备采购项目组织设计奠定基础。     

熵理论在装备采购组织结构优化中的应用

装备采购组织结构改革正在逐步深入进行,如何正确客观地分析和评价组织结构的优化效果是装备采购组织体系改革的重要环节.在装备采购组织结构优化分析中首次引入了熵理论的概念,从熵的角度分析组织结构改革的效果.首先介绍了熵理论的基本概念,然后分析了时效熵和质量熵的计算步骤,并通过某军区装备采购组织结构改革实例进行验证.从计算结果可以看出,改革后的组织结构的有序度要明显高于改革前,客观地说明了改革的效果,也为机关的进一步决策提供了科学的参考依据.     

装备维修器材竞争性采购方式的模糊决策

针对传统装备维修器材采购方式选择主观性强、不规范等问题,通过选取“保密性、安全性、市场性、时间性和经济性”5条指标,借用层次分析法和模糊综合决策,建立了采购方式选择的量化模型,利用可调整的评语集,优化了模型决策过程,实现了采购方式选择的快速决策．     

To wait or not to wait: Optimal ordering under lead time uncertainty and forecast updating

There has been a dramatic increase over the past decade in the number of firms that source finished product from overseas. Although this has reduced procurement costs, it has increased supply risk; procurement lead times are longer and are often unreliable. In deciding when and how much to order, firms must consider the lead time risk and the demand risk, i.e., the accuracy of their demand forecast. To improve the accuracy of its demand forecast, a firm may update its forecast as the selling season approaches. In this article we consider both forecast updating and lead time uncertainty. We characterize the firm's optimal procurement policy, and we prove that, with multiplicative forecast revisions, the firm's optimal procurement time is independent of the demand forecast evolution but that the optimal procurement quantity is not. This leads to a number of important managerial insights into the firm's planning process. We show that the firm becomes less sensitive to lead time variability as the forecast updating process becomes more efficient. Interestingly, a forecast‐updating firm might procure earlier than a firm with no forecast updating. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2009     

On the normality and abnormality of offsets obligations

Defence offsets have often been described as government‐to‐business compensation arrangements or contracts involving “reciprocity beyond that associated with normal market exchange”. This paper argues that it is irrelevant and misleading to use this notion as a criterion for defining offsets.

The paper also explores the apparent inconsistency between the maximising efficiency in defence procurement and the application of offsets requirements. It is shown that defence offsets are a subset of all the price‐quality‐quantity trade‐offs which in general characterise negotiations surrounding complex transactions.

It is argued that although reciprocal or offsetting arrangements are a normal aspect of commercial transacting, the operation of certain offsets schemes namely mandatory offsets obligations, may inhibit the buyer's flexibility in negotiating deals and result in inefficient procurement. This leads us to ask why these offsets schemes have persisted for so long.     

A priori error bounds for procurement commodity aggregation in logistics planning models

A complete logistical planning model of a firm or public system should include activities having to do with the procurement of supplies. Not infrequently, however, procurement aspects are difficult to model because of their relatively complex and evanescent nature. This raises the issue of how to build an overall logistics model in spite of such difficulties. This paper offers some suggestions toward this end which enable the procurement side of a model to be simplified via commodity aggregation in a “controlled” way, that is, in such a manner that the modeler can know and control in advance of solving his model how much loss of accuracy will be incurred for the solutions to the (aggregated) overall model.     

An evolving state of play? Exploring competitive advantages of state assets in proliferation networks

Illicit procurement networks often target industry in developed economies to acquire materials and components of use in WMD and military programs. These procurement networks are ultimately directed by elements of the proliferating state and utilize state resources to undertake their activities: diplomats and missions, state intelligence networks, and state-connected logistical assets. These state assets have also been utilized to facilitate the export of WMD and military technologies in breach of sanctions. While used in most historic proliferation cases, their role has seen limited consideration in the scholarly literature. This article seeks to systematically contextualize state resources in proliferation networks, arguing that their use lies between state criminality and routine activity in support of national security. Considering the competitive advantages of these assets compared to similar resources available in the private sector, the article argues that nonproliferation efforts have caused states to change how they use these resources through an ongoing process of competitive adaptation.     

基于平衡计分卡的装备采购绩效评价构架设计

以平衡计分卡的基本思路分析为基础,分析平衡计分卡对装备采购绩效评价的适用性,并对平衡计分卡的基本指标进行调整,构建了以装备采购成本、装备采购业绩、装备采购内部运行和装备采购发展潜力为主体的评价体系框架,并对具体指标进行了分析。     

The procurement problem: An integer programming problem well suited to a solution using duality

A procurement problem, as formulated by Murty [10], is that of determining how many pieces of equipment units of each of m types are to be purchased and how this equipment is to be distributed among n stations so as to maximize profit, subject to a budget constraint. We have considered a generalization of Murty's procurement problem and developed an approach using duality to exploit the special structure of this problem. By using our dual approach on Murty's original problem, we have been able to solve large problems (1840 integer variables) with very modest computational effort. The main feature of our approach is the idea of using the current evaluation of the dual problem to produce a good feasible solution to the primal problem. In turn, the availability of good feasible solutions to the primal makes it possible to use a very simple subgradient algorithm to solve the dual effectively.     

美军装备采办合同管理及其标准化

在我军武器装备建设逐渐"以计划为主要管理方式和手段"向"以合同为主要管理方式和手段"转变的背景下,装备采购合同管理的研究日趋深入。而装备采购合同"行政合同"的性质及合同标的物复杂性的特点,进一步凸显了标准化在保证装备采购合同规范性、降低不确定性、减少交易成本和提高工作效率中的重要作用。文章在对美军装备采办合同管理标准化特点与经验详细分析和提炼的基础上,对比我军装备采购合同管理体制及标准化现状,有针对性的提出了装备采购合同管理标准化建议,梳理了标准化重点,并为日后时机成熟时制定适用于装备采购合同管理的相关标准或指南,奠定了一定的研究基础。     

基于VIKOR法的同类型装备集中采购评标模型研究

为了提高同类型装备集中采购效益,构建了同类型装备集中采购评标指标体系,综合运用熵权法和VIKOR方法,建立了同类型装备集中采购评标模型。应用实例结果表明,该模型可以用来对投标单位评估,并较精确地展现投标单位的技术和经济实力,为评标提供科学的依据。     

台湾制导武器发展剖析

台湾通过军购、仿制与自主研制 3种模式发展导弹武器,已拼凑起庞杂的导弹武器装备,并随着装备战略的变化,正在重点发展中远程精确打击能力。     

Clustering in defence-related procurement: the case of a Belgian naval construction cluster

ABSTRACT

This paper examines the importance of closer co-operation in defence-related procurement. Led by the decision that Belgium will lead the procurement of 12 Mine CounterMeasures Vessels (MCMV), the case of a potential Belgian naval construction cluster is discussed. The feasibility of a potential cluster is investigated by looking at key elements of a successful naval construction cluster, the Dutch naval construction cluster, and comparing those key elements to the current Belgian situation. Forming a sustainable Belgian naval construction cluster will be difficult. Most of the procurement process of the MCMVs is set on a European tender. In the long run, due to the absence of both a launching customer and leader firms, no party is able to carry the cluster with investments and knowledge spill-overs. In order to keep public support for large defence-related investments, clustering around the MCMV integration system and proactive cluster support is recommended.     

An analysis of single item inventory systems with returns

Inventory systems with returns are systems in which there are units returned in a repairable state, as well as demands for units in a serviceable state, where the return and demand processes are independent. We begin by examining the control of a single item at a single location in which the stationary return rate is less than the stationary demand rate. This necessitates an occasional procurement of units from an outside source. We present a cost model of this system, which we assume is managed under a continuous review procurement policy, and develop a solution method for finding the policy parameter values. The key to the analysis is the use of a normally distributed random variable to approximate the steady-state distribution of net inventory. Next, we study a single item, two echelon system in which a warehouse (the upper echelon) supports N(N ? 1) retailers (the lower echelon). In this case, customers return units in a repairable state as well as demand units in a serviceable state at the retailer level only. We assume the constant system return rate is less than the constant system demand rate so that a procurement is required at certain times from an outside supplier. We develop a cost model of this two echelon system assuming that each location follows a continuous review procurement policy. We also present an algorithm for finding the policy parameter values at each location that is based on the method used to solve the single location problem.     

Fighter aircraft acquisition in Croatia: failure of policy delivery

The possibility for Croatia to obtain new fighter aircraft is not new, as this option has been publicly debated for at least a decade. A sudden decision to advance the acquisition of a limited number of fighter aircraft was made in 2017 with an international tendering process concluding in early 2018. Through open source material, this paper will look at this procurement process by examining the relationship between policy and strategic thinking on the one side, and policy delivery on the other, and evaluate why the tendering process failed in achieving envisaged results. The paper concludes that the problems facing the Croatian aircraft acquisition process stem from at least two interrelated factors: firstly, at the operational level, the failure of the procurement was the direct result of mismanaged tendering procedures linked to the wider public administration reform process; and secondly, at the strategic level, inherently complex civil-military relations and related cultural aspects which have not been adequately addressed over the past decades. The result was a failure to deliver on government policy, something which this paper argues will need to be addressed over the medium to long term.