名词注释

极化极化是各种矢量波共有的一种性质。天线的极化是指天线辐射的电磁波的电场和磁场的方向。通常分为水平极化、垂直线极化、圆极化等。雷达为了抗干扰等目的,将天线的极化做成可变的。余割平方天线雷达用窄窄的波束探测广阔空域的目标,扫描所用的时间太长。为了节省搜索目标的时间,同时兼顾到测向精度和分辨力,可以在一个方向上产生宽的扇形波束、而另一个方向上仍用窄波束。这样的天线叫作“赋形波束天线”。余割平方天线就是一     

监视雷达低仰角测角方法分析与工程实现

监视雷达天线孔径较小、垂直波束较宽,当雷达天线低仰角探测目标时,波束打地严重,测量易受多路径影响,仰角测量精度难以满足要求.先对现代雷达常用的和差比幅与比相两种测角方法进行了分析,然后以相控阵天线为例,对两者在低仰角下的测向精度进行了仿真和深入分析.最后结合两种方法的优缺点,对某Ⅰ型监视雷达样机进行改进,使其满足比幅比相混合型测角的条件,并对改进后的样机作动态对比试验,再次证明两种常用测角算法在低仰角下的优劣,为工程应用提供参考.     

八毫米电扫跟踪天线的波束分析

本文对一种新型的电扫跟踪无线的波束扫描性能进行分析。这是一种在馈源的两层双加脊矩形波导中安装四个ＰＩＮ管以实现波束电扫的抛物面天线。文中从优化参量得到最佳模比。它与所研制天线的实验结果非常一致。表明所研制天线的调试已接近最佳。     

改进遗传算法的相控阵雷达自适应调度算法及仿真

多功能相控阵雷达因其阵列天线的波束捷变能力,可执行对多个目标交替搜索、验证、跟踪等任务,而如何在时间约束下分配任务,对雷达性能有着决定性的影响。使用一种有效的调度算法能够使雷达资源合理分配,能够让雷达整体性能优化。在分析自适应调度算法的设计原则基础上,给出了具体的性能评估指标。针对多功能相控阵雷达,改进了传统的遗传算法作为调度算法。算法能够在雷达调度间隔约束下,选择综合效能最好的方案安排一个调度间隔内的雷达事件序列,并通过仿真结果验证了算法的有效性。     

雷达抗前门耦合攻击防护能力对比分析

针对雷达遭受高功率微波武器攻击时容易损伤的问题,理论分析了雷达最远防护边界和雷达天线增益及接收机限幅器能力的关系,从空间滤波的角度,对比了反射面雷达和有源相控阵雷达抗前门耦合攻击的能力。分析得出只有高功率微波武器处于反射面雷达天线的主瓣范围附近时,对其前门耦合攻击效果才强于有源相控阵雷达;反之,要弱于有源相控阵雷达。由于反射面天线雷达主波束很窄,造成攻击的时机很短,所以反射面雷达在面对高功率微波武器时防护能力更强。     

多波束相控阵天线角跟踪性能及测试方法

针对目前对多波束相控阵天线角跟踪性能测试研究较少的问题,首先分析了多波束相控阵天线的单脉冲和差测角方法,并对波束滑动、波束穿越及信号频率变化对角跟踪性能的影响进行了仿真分析。类比传统的雷达精度校飞试验,提出了基于飞艇的角跟踪性能测试方法,对角跟踪精度及误差范围进行测试,并利用STK软件实现了可视化。仿真分析表明,该方法可以实现对多波束相控阵天线角跟踪性能的评定并具有较高的工程应用价值。     

“动中通”系统中的跟踪识别技术

天线跟踪与卫星识别是"动中通"系统中的关键技术.首先在对各种跟踪方式比较分析的基础上,提出了一种基于惯性制导、程序跟踪和圆锥扫描跟踪的组合天线跟踪方案,缩短了系统搜索卫星的时间,提高了天线跟踪卫星的精度;而后通过分析卫星可供识别的特征,提出了应用解码后的数据流特征进行识别卫星的方案,降低了系统对传感器部件的精度要求,降低了系统成本.     

基于参差中重频脉组的搜索雷达跟踪波束设计

为解决常规搜索雷达在强气象、地物杂波下目标检测性能下降的问题,基于目标先验信息,设计一种跟踪波束实现对特定目标的跟踪处理,对目标所在的波位采用参次中重复频率脉组的方式探测,有效扩展速度检测清晰区并抑制慢速气象杂波及强地物杂波,实现目标距离、速度双模糊的解算,提高对跟踪目标的检测性.基于先验信息实现目标距离、速度模糊解算,试验表明,通过采用基于参差中重频的脉组跟踪波束探测,能够提升搜索雷达对特定目标的检测能力,并实现重点目标的高精度测速,提高目标的航迹质量.     

高频雷达多波束最优天线方向图综合

在高频雷达中 ,多个部分重叠的波束被用来形成对预定空域的覆盖 ,而射频干扰和期望信号的空间结构之间的差异以及接收天线阵列的空间多样性则被用来抑制干扰以提高高频雷达的整体工作性能。然而如何在实时地形成多波束的同时有效地抑制射频干扰仍然是高频雷达一个急待解决的问题。基于最优天线方向图综合方法 ,通过主瓣形状保持和干扰抑制之间的合理折衷进一步提出了多波束形成算法。仿真结果表明该算法可以快速、灵活地形成多个波束来覆盖预定的空域 ,同时最大限度地抑制射频干扰 ,从而极大地提高了高频雷达的工作性能     

高频雷达射频干扰抑制研究

分析了高频雷达射频干扰抑制方案中对目标信号相干积累的影响,在此基础上提出了一种新型的天线方向图综合算法,并进一步将其应用到改进的干扰抑制新方案中。新方案兼顾了射频干扰的抑制和目标信号的相干积累。计算机仿真结果表明新方案较大地改善了高频雷达抑制射频干扰的性能。     

An Unlikely Alliance: Portuguese and South African Airpower in Angola, 1968–1974

The war that Portugal was obliged to fight in Africa began in 1961 and immediately stretched the resources of its armed forces. Nowhere was this thinness more apparent than in policing the vast territory of Angola. The east and southeast of Angola were particularly vulnerable, as the area was a vast, sparsely populated region characterised by enormous featureless plains or chanas covered in tall grass and broken by an extensive river system and mountainous forests. The only military solution to policing these immense spaces was aviation and specifically the helicopter that could carry troops into battle, protect them with a gunship and bring them home when the operation was concluded. The immediate problem for the Portuguese Air Force (Força Aérea Portuguesa or FAP) in Angola and elsewhere was a scarcity of helicopters. The solution was an alliance with South Africa, which had a strong inventory of Alouette IIIs, to help in policing the east. This move was likewise in the interest of South Africa, as its threat came from Zambia through south-eastern Angola. This article examines the strategic and tactical development of this unusual, cross-cultural alliance and the symbiotic relationship that resulted in destruction of the enemies of both in Angola.     

国内外结构钢焊条研究的现状与发展

本文主要介绍了国外焊条的现状和发展趋势,包括焊条的高韧性、高效率、低尘低毒和耐吸潮性能,为国内的焊条研究提供了参考依据。     

A Sign of Victory?: ‘Scottish Swords’ and Other Weapons in the Possession of the ‘Auld Innemie’

Many late medieval documents, notably inventories of arms and armour, of Englishmen contain references to ‘Scottish swords’ and other weapons. What did the compilers of these documents mean when they described a weapon as ‘Scottish’? How did such weapons come to be in the possession of these men? This article will attempt to explain this phenomenon drawing on primary documentary sources and surviving material culture from Glasgow Museums’ collections and others, as well as artworks from the period.     

Helping hands: civil–military cooperation and Italy's military operation abroad

In the Post-Bipolar Era the growing complexity of the military operations requires a new approach for the resolution of international crises. Since the end of the Cold War, peace support operations (PSO) have become the mainstay and principal occupation of most Western armies. At the same time, Italy has been one of the most important actors in such an area. The article focuses on the cooperation between military and civil components (a process called CIMIC) as a key variable in the Italian PSOs. We will analyse in detail the main lessons learned from past military interventions as well as the general context in which new tendencies are taking place. The maintaining of a minimum security frame becomes essential to fulfil activities ‘collateral’ to the mission: reconstructing services and infrastructure, food distribution, water and medication, law and order, de-mining, training of local forces, and supporting local institutions. These are the main tasks to obtain thrust and support from the population.     

Terrorism,insurgency, kidnapping,and security in Africa's energy sector

Energy continues to serve as the bedrock of modern economies and the main driver of modern society. For Africa, the production and supply of energy resources such as crude oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, biomass, biofuels and other renewables are an important source of employment, rents, taxes, royalties and profits. This sector brings in several tens of billions of dollars of revenue annually. The production and delivery of such resources, however, depend on critical infrastructures such as pipelines, refineries, processing plants, terminals, rigs, electrical energy pylons, substations, pump stations, vessels, and tankers. These infrastructures have been attacked by terrorists, insurgents, vandals and saboteurs, all of whom see them as targets against which to register their grievances and extract concessions from the state. This paper is a chronological account of some of the documented incidents of terrorism, insurgency, kidnapping, destruction, sabotage, and human casualties suffered in the oil and gas sectors in Africa between 1999 and 2012. It is based on data extracted from the databases of the RAND Database of World Terrorism Incidents and the University of Maryland's Global Terrorism Database (GTD).     

Cyberpower in Strategic Affairs: Neither Unthinkable nor Blessed

Abstract

This article explores the effect of connectivity on strategic affairs. It argues that the effect on war's character is potentially, although not yet shown in practice, considerably large. Its effect upon the distribution of power among states in the international system is small, contrary to the claims of ‘cyberwar’ alarmists. All told, however, its effect upon strategic affairs is complex. On the one hand, it represents a significant advance in the ‘complexification’ of state strategies, understood in the sense of the production of intended effects. On the other hand, strategists today – still predominantly concerned with the conflicts and confrontations of states and organised military power – are generally missing the power which non-traditional strategic actors, better adapted to the network flows of the information age, are beginning to deploy. These new forms of organization and coercion will challenge the status quo.     

Tacit support for terrorism: The rapprochement between the USSR and Palestinian guerrilla organizations following the 1967 war

This article demonstrates the inconsistent and wavering Soviet attitude towards national liberation movements in general and the Palestinian organizations in particular. Until the late 1960s, the Soviets viewed these organizations with suspicion, hesitating to engage in political dialogue with them. However, in the 1970s, political and military events in the region, as well as modifications in the Kremlin's Cold War strategies, led to a general shift towards the Middle East in Soviet foreign policy. Soviet leaders showed increased willingness to provide certain Palestinian organizations with arms with which to conduct terrorist activities against Israeli, pro-Israeli, Jewish and Western targets. The article explores the complex relations between Palestinian organizations and the USSR in the field of international terror. The study also exposes and analyzes the nature and content of Soviet–Palestinian arms dialogues and transactions. It provides clear evidence that Soviet policymakers and other luminaries were fully informed of, and sometimes directly involved in, these transactions and dialogues at the highest levels.     

A1 Qaeda and the radical Islamic challenge to western strategy

The September 11 global crisis prompted by the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon raises major questions concerning the nature and trajectory of terrorism in the post-Cold War global order. Hitherto, terrorism has been largely debated by analysts at the level of nation states. Terrorist and insurgent movements have also been largely anchored in nationalist and ethnic power bases even when they have sought to mobilise a transnational ideological appeal on religious or class grounds. There have been a few exceptions to this pattern such as the alliance between the German Baader-Meinhof group and the Japanese Red Army Faction, but even such international alliances as this did not, until at least the 1980s, presage anything like a global terrorist network necessitating a global strategic response. This study examines terrorism and global strategic responses.