基于灰色理论的鱼雷装载可靠性分析

为解决在鱼雷装载可靠度试验数据较少的情况下进行装载可靠性分析困难的问题,利用灰色系统理论及 GM(1,2)建模的思想,研究了鱼雷装载可靠度和工作可靠度之间的灰色关系,基于灰色系统理论建立了两者之间关系的数学模型.计算实例表明,该方法简单实用,可在鱼雷装载可靠度数据样本量较少的情况下对鱼雷装戢可靠度进行有效预测,为鱼雷装载可靠度的评定提供了理论参考.     

基于Bayes方法的射击密集度评估

以某远程武器射击密集度鉴定问题为对象,研究了运用Bayes 理论从仿真试验数据中提取有用信息,从而实现在少量试验样本情况下有效完成射击密集度试验鉴定任务的方法.将最大熵法应用于射击密集度估计,介绍了运用自助(Bootstrap)法从仿真试验结果中获取验前信息的基本思想和一般方法,以及在获得验前信息后结合现场试验样本进行射击密集度鉴定的方法.     

成败型产品的Bayes鉴定试验方案研究

利用可靠性增长模型给出了成败型产品鉴定试验的一种Bayes方法.提出了Bayes鉴定试验的最大后验风险准则,利用这种准则制定的鉴定试验方案综合了产品研制过程中的先验信息.在确保产品质量的前提下,与传统的鉴定试验方案相比,将大大节省试验时间.     

射击精度评估新技术

以某远程武器射击精度鉴定问题为对象,研究了运用Bayes理论从仿真试验数据中提取有用信息,从而实现在少量试验样本情况下有效完成射击精度试验鉴定任务的方法.尝试在准确描述远程武器射击精度的动力学仿真模型的基础上,将均匀设计法应用于射击精度的仿真,介绍了运用自助(bootstrap)法从仿真试验结果中获取验前信息的基本思想和一般方法,以及在获得验前信息后结合现场试验样本进行射击精度鉴定的方法.     

可靠度和费用约束下的加速老炼试验时间优化

为了提高产品实际使用可靠度,减少老炼试验和保修费用,基于效用函数研究了具有早期失效的产品在可靠度和费用约束下的加速老炼试验时间优化方法。考虑产品寿命分布参数的不确定性,利用自助法估计参数的先验分布,然后通过仿真方法获得实际使用可靠度和费用的联合效用函数。以联合效用函数值最大为优化目标建立加速老炼试验时间优化模型,得到最优的加速老炼试验时间。结合对数正态分布产品在温度应力下的加速老炼试验数值示例,阐述上述方法的应用,并对参数进行敏感性分析,结果表明提出的加速老炼试验方法不但能缩短产品的试验时间,还可以最大程度同时满足费用和可靠性的要求。     

辨识分类中的补充样本容量优化方法

在对系统输出进行辨识分类建模时,当实际试验样本量不足时,工程上通常考虑利用各种信息源合理增加补充试验样本,而合理确定补充样本容量,避免过多的样本"淹没"实际系统信息,是补充样本需要考虑的关键因素之一.为此,从信息相等的角度分析补充试验样本的合理性和有效性,并在此基础上提出了基于后验分布鉴别信息的补充试验样本容量的优化原...     

小子样鱼雷装载失效率与工作失效率关系

鱼雷装载试验信息很少,用数理统计方法评估其装载失效率,结果不能真实反映实际情况.利用灰色系统理论的GM(1,2)模型,结合实例对鱼雷装载失效率和工作失效率的关系进行建模,研究两者之间的关系,推算鱼雷装载失效率.计算结果表明,该方法能达到令人满意的拟合和预测精度,方法简单,具有实用价值.     

Bayes理论在雷达探测距离评估中的应用北大核心

为了对小样本下机载火控雷达探测距离指标作出合理验证,节约试验成本,通过分析常用雷达探测距离评定方法不足的基础上,从工程实际出发,提出了用Bayes小样本理论可以有效地融合定型试验前的信息,结合少量的定型试验样本就可以对雷达探测距离作出比较客观评价,并根据机载火控雷达探测距离试验的实际特点,给出了小样本情况下的雷达探测距离评估方法。     

基于集成Bootstrap方法的导弹试验鉴定精度综合评定

针对导弹在试验鉴定过程中,试验样本极少,无法直接从极少的现场试验样本中得到可靠的精度评定结果的问题,使用仿真信息作为验前信息的基于集成Bootstrap方法对导弹精度进行综合评定,可以用于试验鉴定中精度综合评定。针对不平衡数据导致误差引入集成学习,即多组抽取样本和现场数据融合,通过多组弱置信度再得到强置信度的结果;分析了集成学习的误差必然会收敛于0;再由重要度抽样思想,采用了基于相容性水平的权重分配方案;最后采用了改进的总和规则作为集成规则,分析了参数误差。仿真结果表明基于集成Bootstrap方法能有效在小子样条件下进行导弹试验鉴定精度评定。     

Bayes理论在雷达探测距离评估中的应用

为了对小样本下机载火控雷达探测距离指标作出合理验证,节约试验成本,通过分析常用雷达探测距离评定方法不足的基础上,从工程实际出发,提出了用Bayes小样本理论可以有效地融合定型试验前的信息,结合少量的定型试验样本就可以对雷达探测距离作出比较客观评价,并根据机载火控雷达探测距离试验的实际特点,给出了小样本情况下的雷达探测距离评估方法。     

An Unlikely Alliance: Portuguese and South African Airpower in Angola, 1968–1974

The war that Portugal was obliged to fight in Africa began in 1961 and immediately stretched the resources of its armed forces. Nowhere was this thinness more apparent than in policing the vast territory of Angola. The east and southeast of Angola were particularly vulnerable, as the area was a vast, sparsely populated region characterised by enormous featureless plains or chanas covered in tall grass and broken by an extensive river system and mountainous forests. The only military solution to policing these immense spaces was aviation and specifically the helicopter that could carry troops into battle, protect them with a gunship and bring them home when the operation was concluded. The immediate problem for the Portuguese Air Force (Força Aérea Portuguesa or FAP) in Angola and elsewhere was a scarcity of helicopters. The solution was an alliance with South Africa, which had a strong inventory of Alouette IIIs, to help in policing the east. This move was likewise in the interest of South Africa, as its threat came from Zambia through south-eastern Angola. This article examines the strategic and tactical development of this unusual, cross-cultural alliance and the symbiotic relationship that resulted in destruction of the enemies of both in Angola.     

Helping hands: civil–military cooperation and Italy's military operation abroad

In the Post-Bipolar Era the growing complexity of the military operations requires a new approach for the resolution of international crises. Since the end of the Cold War, peace support operations (PSO) have become the mainstay and principal occupation of most Western armies. At the same time, Italy has been one of the most important actors in such an area. The article focuses on the cooperation between military and civil components (a process called CIMIC) as a key variable in the Italian PSOs. We will analyse in detail the main lessons learned from past military interventions as well as the general context in which new tendencies are taking place. The maintaining of a minimum security frame becomes essential to fulfil activities ‘collateral’ to the mission: reconstructing services and infrastructure, food distribution, water and medication, law and order, de-mining, training of local forces, and supporting local institutions. These are the main tasks to obtain thrust and support from the population.     

Terrorism,insurgency, kidnapping,and security in Africa's energy sector

Energy continues to serve as the bedrock of modern economies and the main driver of modern society. For Africa, the production and supply of energy resources such as crude oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, biomass, biofuels and other renewables are an important source of employment, rents, taxes, royalties and profits. This sector brings in several tens of billions of dollars of revenue annually. The production and delivery of such resources, however, depend on critical infrastructures such as pipelines, refineries, processing plants, terminals, rigs, electrical energy pylons, substations, pump stations, vessels, and tankers. These infrastructures have been attacked by terrorists, insurgents, vandals and saboteurs, all of whom see them as targets against which to register their grievances and extract concessions from the state. This paper is a chronological account of some of the documented incidents of terrorism, insurgency, kidnapping, destruction, sabotage, and human casualties suffered in the oil and gas sectors in Africa between 1999 and 2012. It is based on data extracted from the databases of the RAND Database of World Terrorism Incidents and the University of Maryland's Global Terrorism Database (GTD).     

国内外结构钢焊条研究的现状与发展

本文主要介绍了国外焊条的现状和发展趋势,包括焊条的高韧性、高效率、低尘低毒和耐吸潮性能,为国内的焊条研究提供了参考依据。     

A Sign of Victory?: ‘Scottish Swords’ and Other Weapons in the Possession of the ‘Auld Innemie’

Many late medieval documents, notably inventories of arms and armour, of Englishmen contain references to ‘Scottish swords’ and other weapons. What did the compilers of these documents mean when they described a weapon as ‘Scottish’? How did such weapons come to be in the possession of these men? This article will attempt to explain this phenomenon drawing on primary documentary sources and surviving material culture from Glasgow Museums’ collections and others, as well as artworks from the period.     

Tacit support for terrorism: The rapprochement between the USSR and Palestinian guerrilla organizations following the 1967 war

This article demonstrates the inconsistent and wavering Soviet attitude towards national liberation movements in general and the Palestinian organizations in particular. Until the late 1960s, the Soviets viewed these organizations with suspicion, hesitating to engage in political dialogue with them. However, in the 1970s, political and military events in the region, as well as modifications in the Kremlin's Cold War strategies, led to a general shift towards the Middle East in Soviet foreign policy. Soviet leaders showed increased willingness to provide certain Palestinian organizations with arms with which to conduct terrorist activities against Israeli, pro-Israeli, Jewish and Western targets. The article explores the complex relations between Palestinian organizations and the USSR in the field of international terror. The study also exposes and analyzes the nature and content of Soviet–Palestinian arms dialogues and transactions. It provides clear evidence that Soviet policymakers and other luminaries were fully informed of, and sometimes directly involved in, these transactions and dialogues at the highest levels.     

A1 Qaeda and the radical Islamic challenge to western strategy

The September 11 global crisis prompted by the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon raises major questions concerning the nature and trajectory of terrorism in the post-Cold War global order. Hitherto, terrorism has been largely debated by analysts at the level of nation states. Terrorist and insurgent movements have also been largely anchored in nationalist and ethnic power bases even when they have sought to mobilise a transnational ideological appeal on religious or class grounds. There have been a few exceptions to this pattern such as the alliance between the German Baader-Meinhof group and the Japanese Red Army Faction, but even such international alliances as this did not, until at least the 1980s, presage anything like a global terrorist network necessitating a global strategic response. This study examines terrorism and global strategic responses.     

Helping hands: external support for the KNU insurgency in Burma

This article analyses to what extent the Burmese KNU insurgency made use of external support from states, refugees, and diasporas. Based on extensive fieldwork it is concluded that support from neighbouring states and refugees has for years kept the Karen rebellion alive. Western countries perceived forms of resistance to the illegitimate Burmese regime as just and have therefore played a crucial role in the continuation of conflict in Karen State. It is important that policymakers and donors as well as executing organizations continue to reflect critically on the way they exercise their work.     

Cyberpower in Strategic Affairs: Neither Unthinkable nor Blessed

Abstract

This article explores the effect of connectivity on strategic affairs. It argues that the effect on war's character is potentially, although not yet shown in practice, considerably large. Its effect upon the distribution of power among states in the international system is small, contrary to the claims of ‘cyberwar’ alarmists. All told, however, its effect upon strategic affairs is complex. On the one hand, it represents a significant advance in the ‘complexification’ of state strategies, understood in the sense of the production of intended effects. On the other hand, strategists today – still predominantly concerned with the conflicts and confrontations of states and organised military power – are generally missing the power which non-traditional strategic actors, better adapted to the network flows of the information age, are beginning to deploy. These new forms of organization and coercion will challenge the status quo.