临近空间高超声速目标跟踪IMMCPF算法

临近空间高超声速目标具有机动特性强、轨迹变化快、强非线性等特点,在目标跟踪的过程中,易出现跟踪精度降低、滤波发散的问题。针对该问题,提出了一种交互式多模型容积粒子滤波算法。使用交互式多模型算法来对临近空间高超声速目标进行跟踪,使用容积粒子滤波算法对目标进行滤波预测。仿真结果表明,该算法跟踪性能优于交互式多模型卡尔曼滤波算法和交互式多模型粒子滤波算法,对临近空间高超声速目标有更好的跟踪效果。     

CS模型下IMM-PF算法在机动目标跟踪中的应用

为了解决机动目标定位跟踪问题,提出了一种基于CS(current statistical)模型的交互式多模型粒子滤波算法.在交互式多模型粒子滤波算法的基础上,计算CS模型的概率,自适应地调整CS模型中的目标加速度,反映出了目标的机动特性,充分发挥2种算法的优点,改善了CS模型的加速度不能自适应调整的缺点,提高了CS模型的自适应性和应用范围.另外,CS模型的自适应滤波方法由Kalman滤波改为粒子滤波.通过Monte Carlo对比仿真试验表明了该算法的可行性和优越性.     

杂波环境下机动目标跟踪算法研究

杂波环境下的机动目标跟踪问题具有非线性、非高斯、不完全观测的特点,其难点在于观测值与目标的对应关系及每一时刻的运动模式均呈现高度不确定性。文中将多模型理论和辅助粒子滤波算法相结合,提出了一种新的杂波环境下机动目标跟踪算法——多模型辅助粒子滤波算法(MMAPF)。仿真结果表明,该算法与传统的交互多模型——扩展卡尔曼滤波算法、辅助粒子滤波算法相比,在相同的情况下,具有更高的滤波精度和较好总体性能。     

非线性目标跟踪滤波算法的比较研究

针对不同的非线性目标跟踪滤波算法在性能上存在较大差异的问题,展开了5种非线性滤波算法的比较分析研究,通过分析不同滤波框架下非线性目标跟踪性能,阐述了算法理论中的关键异同点.通过仿真实验和跑车试验,比较了基于Kalman框架下非线性滤波算法和基于Monte Carlo贝叶斯估计的粒子滤波在估计精度、计算量等方面的优劣性.实验结果表明,在复杂的非线性环境中,粒子滤波相对于其他4种滤波器滤波精度更高,但计算复杂耗时长,该结果可为非线性目标跟踪滤波算法的选取提供有益的参考.     

基于粒子滤波的复杂背景下的红外运动目标跟踪

粒子滤波是一种处理非线性和非高斯动态系统状态估计的有效技术,针对目标被严重遮挡或有相似干扰等复杂背景情况下红外运动目标跟踪问题,提出了一种基于目标灰度与运动特征的粒子滤波算法。该算法将带有空间信息的灰度模型与带有灰度信息的运动模型进行融合,得到一个联合观测模型,并将其用于粒子滤波跟踪框架。与经典粒子滤波算法相比,文中算法效率略有降低,但跟踪的准确性和鲁棒性却大大增强。     

基于粒子滤波的红外小目标跟踪方法

提出了一种基于粒子滤波的红外小目标自适应跟踪方法.首先根据红外小目标的特点,建立灰度统计直方图分布模型对目标进行描述,采用基于Bhattacharyya系数定义的距离进行相似性度量,建立目标观测模型,然后通过这个模型将粒子滤波和均值位移方法结合起来,实现对红外小目标的跟踪.实验证明,该方法能够较好地处理图像序列中由于局部遮挡所带来的影响,准确地对红外小目标进行跟踪.     

复杂场景下基于自适应多特征融合的跟踪算法

在复杂的场景下,单特征对目标描述不够充分,很难稳健地跟踪目标,针对这个问题,提出了一个基于自适应多特征融合的粒子滤波跟踪算法。该算法采用灰度和边缘特征表示目标,从目标观测似然模型构建的角度融合两种特征,利用粒子似然分布的香农熵动态地评价特征的可靠性,进而确定特征融合权重,以提高算法对场景的适应能力;同时,改进了线性加权的模型更新策略,通过对加权系数的在线调整来抑制模型漂移。实验表明,本文算法可以实现部分遮挡和背景干扰等复杂场景下的跟踪。     

粒子PHD滤波存活粒子采样新方法

针对多目标跟踪粒子概率假设密度滤波算法中存活粒子的重要性密度采样问题,给出一种结合最新量测信息的存活粒子重要性密度采样新方法.该方法根据最新量测集中的各个最测与目标粒子的单步预测状态的似然值,以概率选取量测值,利用无迹变换获得粒子的重要性密度函数,并对其进行采样实现粒子概率假设密度滤波中存活粒子的采样,有效地减轻了粒子的退化现象. 3目标跟踪仿真试验中,当目标模型与跟踪算法使用的目标模型不匹配时,采用所提出的存活粒子采样方法的粒子概率假设密度滤波算法最优子模式分配距离下降约70km.论文给出的存活粒子采样新方法显著地提高了多目标跟踪粒子概率假设密度滤波算法的鲁棒性.     

基于分治采样粒子滤波的三维跟踪算法

粒子滤波在处理三维机动目标跟踪问题时,粒子点难以均匀覆盖目标状态空间,较低的样本多样性和算法冗余直接影响跟踪性能。针对该问题提出一种基于分治采样粒子滤波的跟踪算法,算法通过划分独立的状态子空间,使随机样本在各子空间内单独抽样,对目标机动实现降维处理,提高跟踪性能。仿真实验表明,相对于标准粒子滤波,该算法有效提高了样本多样性,具有更好的跟踪性能,对复杂机动状况适应性更强。     

基于模糊推理的机动目标自适应多模型跟踪算法

针对当前空中来袭目标的主要特点,运用模糊理论和多模型理论探索空中机动目标跟踪问题,并设计了一种模糊自适应多模型(FAMM)目标跟踪算法,该算法采用五个基本模型,以加速度估值作为模糊推理系统的输入,经模糊推理融合得到系统状态和方差的估计值以及下一时刻的滤波模型(最多三个).经Monte Carlo仿真研究,与IMM算法相比较,该算法不仅在目标弱机动或不机动条件下,而且在复杂机动时能更稳定、精确地跟踪目标,较好地满足了海上对空防御作战中跟踪机动目标的需求.     

Putin – the masked nemesis of the strategy of ambiguity

Recent events demonstrate the complex and adaptive approach employed by Russia to reassert influence in Europe. The changing face of Russia’s strategy commenced in 2007 when it launched a crippling cyber-attack against Estonia. This was followed by a large Russian conventional attack against Georgia in 2008, occupying two large areas of the nation. 2014 witnessed the Russian annexation of Crimea where in just a week, Russia seized control of Crimea “without firing a shot.” The annexation of Crimea was rapidly followed by a Russian inspired and led subversive war in eastern Ukraine. The common thread among these diverse Russian operations is its use of ambiguity to confound and confuse decision makers in the West.     

India's counter-insurgency experience: the ‘trust and nurture’ strategy

The Indian Army, a force trained primarily for conventional warfare, has been engaged in internal counter-insurgency operations since the 1950s. Despite such a long innings on a counter-insurgency mode, little attention has been accorded within military circles to doctrinal innovation for waging sub-conventional warfare in India's democratic political context. At best, the Army continues to view counter-insurgency duty as secondary to its primary duty of defending India from external conventional threats. By conceptualizing a counter-insurgency strategy of ‘trust and nurture’, this article aims to fill this critical doctrinal gap in India's military policy. The author argues that a counter-insurgency strategy of ‘trust and nurture’ based on democratic political culture, measured military methods, special counter-insurgency forces, local social and cultural awareness and an integrative nation-building approach will result in positive handling of India's internal security problems. The author utilizes India's counter-insurgency experiences in Assam, Mizoram, Nagaland, Punjab, and Operation ‘Sadhbhavana’ in Jammu and Kashmir as illustrative empirical indicants in order to validate the ‘trust and nurture’ strategy.     

An Unlikely Alliance: Portuguese and South African Airpower in Angola, 1968–1974

The war that Portugal was obliged to fight in Africa began in 1961 and immediately stretched the resources of its armed forces. Nowhere was this thinness more apparent than in policing the vast territory of Angola. The east and southeast of Angola were particularly vulnerable, as the area was a vast, sparsely populated region characterised by enormous featureless plains or chanas covered in tall grass and broken by an extensive river system and mountainous forests. The only military solution to policing these immense spaces was aviation and specifically the helicopter that could carry troops into battle, protect them with a gunship and bring them home when the operation was concluded. The immediate problem for the Portuguese Air Force (Força Aérea Portuguesa or FAP) in Angola and elsewhere was a scarcity of helicopters. The solution was an alliance with South Africa, which had a strong inventory of Alouette IIIs, to help in policing the east. This move was likewise in the interest of South Africa, as its threat came from Zambia through south-eastern Angola. This article examines the strategic and tactical development of this unusual, cross-cultural alliance and the symbiotic relationship that resulted in destruction of the enemies of both in Angola.     

国内外结构钢焊条研究的现状与发展

本文主要介绍了国外焊条的现状和发展趋势,包括焊条的高韧性、高效率、低尘低毒和耐吸潮性能,为国内的焊条研究提供了参考依据。     

A Sign of Victory?: ‘Scottish Swords’ and Other Weapons in the Possession of the ‘Auld Innemie’

Many late medieval documents, notably inventories of arms and armour, of Englishmen contain references to ‘Scottish swords’ and other weapons. What did the compilers of these documents mean when they described a weapon as ‘Scottish’? How did such weapons come to be in the possession of these men? This article will attempt to explain this phenomenon drawing on primary documentary sources and surviving material culture from Glasgow Museums’ collections and others, as well as artworks from the period.     

Helping hands: civil–military cooperation and Italy's military operation abroad

In the Post-Bipolar Era the growing complexity of the military operations requires a new approach for the resolution of international crises. Since the end of the Cold War, peace support operations (PSO) have become the mainstay and principal occupation of most Western armies. At the same time, Italy has been one of the most important actors in such an area. The article focuses on the cooperation between military and civil components (a process called CIMIC) as a key variable in the Italian PSOs. We will analyse in detail the main lessons learned from past military interventions as well as the general context in which new tendencies are taking place. The maintaining of a minimum security frame becomes essential to fulfil activities ‘collateral’ to the mission: reconstructing services and infrastructure, food distribution, water and medication, law and order, de-mining, training of local forces, and supporting local institutions. These are the main tasks to obtain thrust and support from the population.     

Terrorism,insurgency, kidnapping,and security in Africa's energy sector

Energy continues to serve as the bedrock of modern economies and the main driver of modern society. For Africa, the production and supply of energy resources such as crude oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, biomass, biofuels and other renewables are an important source of employment, rents, taxes, royalties and profits. This sector brings in several tens of billions of dollars of revenue annually. The production and delivery of such resources, however, depend on critical infrastructures such as pipelines, refineries, processing plants, terminals, rigs, electrical energy pylons, substations, pump stations, vessels, and tankers. These infrastructures have been attacked by terrorists, insurgents, vandals and saboteurs, all of whom see them as targets against which to register their grievances and extract concessions from the state. This paper is a chronological account of some of the documented incidents of terrorism, insurgency, kidnapping, destruction, sabotage, and human casualties suffered in the oil and gas sectors in Africa between 1999 and 2012. It is based on data extracted from the databases of the RAND Database of World Terrorism Incidents and the University of Maryland's Global Terrorism Database (GTD).     

Cyberpower in Strategic Affairs: Neither Unthinkable nor Blessed

Abstract

This article explores the effect of connectivity on strategic affairs. It argues that the effect on war's character is potentially, although not yet shown in practice, considerably large. Its effect upon the distribution of power among states in the international system is small, contrary to the claims of ‘cyberwar’ alarmists. All told, however, its effect upon strategic affairs is complex. On the one hand, it represents a significant advance in the ‘complexification’ of state strategies, understood in the sense of the production of intended effects. On the other hand, strategists today – still predominantly concerned with the conflicts and confrontations of states and organised military power – are generally missing the power which non-traditional strategic actors, better adapted to the network flows of the information age, are beginning to deploy. These new forms of organization and coercion will challenge the status quo.