单航天器无需变轨与Walker星座多星交会的充分条件及特性分析

以Walker星座为研究对象,对单航天器无需变轨实现多星交会的问题展开研究。从Walker星座相位同构特性出发,得到了单航天器无需变轨能够对多颗星座卫星交会的充分条件,对交会的星座卫星的数目和星座卫星组合等问题进行了研究。在此基础上,提出了利用解析法求解交会轨道的轨道设计方法,并对交会轨道的特性进行了分析。对交会更多星座卫星(大于3颗)的可能性展开了讨论。研究结果可为单航天器无需变轨对星座多星交会提供理论依据。     

基于Lambert算法的脉冲精确变轨策略

Lambert问题的求解多以二体假设为基础,从而对精确轨道控制带来不利影响.提出了一种脉冲修正策略,建立了考虑摄动影响的航天器轨道动力学计算模型,在Iambert算法基础上,通过拟牛顿法对变轨脉冲进行修正,消除终端状态误差,从而获得精确的变轨脉冲.将该修正策略用于固定时间精确变轨问题,建立了两层规划模型,并通过算例验证了算法的有效性.     

气动力辅助异面变轨可达范围的判别方法

航天器进行气动力辅助异面变轨时 ,确定可达范围 (变轨结束时的倾角和升交点赤经 )是一个十分重要的问题。文中利用坐标变化法 ,得到了由初始轨道倾角为 0时的倾角改变量 ,确定任意初始倾角下可达范围的公式 ,使求解大为简化     

近地快速交会调相策略设计与任务分析

基于我国2天交会对接方案,通过合理减少定轨、变轨参数计算与指令上传及不可测控区域占用的飞行圈次,建立了5圈快速交会对接的调相变轨方案,采用四脉冲修正特殊点变轨算法进行求解。给出了满足调相段终端控制精度所需要的定轨精度,分析了追踪航天器入轨精度、追踪航天器入轨远地点高度、目标轨道高度、调相段终端瞄准点等参数对最优初始相位角范围的影响规律。简要分析了为获得需要的初始相位角,目标航天器的调相策略及追踪航天器可能的发射机会。     

远程导引变轨故障后轨道重构设计与分析

研究了空间交会远程导引变轨故障后轨道重构问题,提出了轨道重构设计准则,对五冲量远程导引的每一次变轨故障分别给出了四类轨道重构方案.根据提出的设计准则对给出轨道重构方案的修正能力、测控条件、推进剂消耗、终端精度和安全性进行初步分析,确定了处理远程导引变轨故障的轨道预案.     

空间飞行器非共面机动策略研究

非共面机动问题是航天领域的经典问题,寻找轨道面变换的最优机动策略是研究的重点.对低轨道冲量变轨、高轨道冲量变轨和低轨/高轨冲量变轨的轨道面变换策略进行研究,建立了具体的轨道变换模型,运用遗传算法寻找到了最省燃料的轨道面变换策略.通过仿真,该机动策略相对其他2种能明显降低燃料消耗,实现轨道面的变换.     

航天器推进系统模块化建模方法

为了研究由复杂增压气路和推进剂供应管路组成的航天器推进系统的动力学问题,基于AMESim软件平台,构建了模块化、可扩展的航天器推进系统仿真模型UPSSim.模型中,增压气路采用分段集中参数模型,推进剂供应管路采用分布参数模型,并考虑了系统各组件与环境的换热.对某型轨控发动机的变轨过程进行了仿真,UPSSim能准确模拟该发动机变轨过程中系统参数的变化,计算结果与设计性能参数、飞行遥测数据吻合较好.仿真结果表明,本文所采用的模块化建模与仿真方法适用于复杂管网的建模,在航天器推进系统仿真建模与仿真领域具有较好的应用前景.     

高超声速滑翔飞行器变轨段自适应跟踪制导方法

针对高超声速滑翔飞行器变轨段大偏差条件下的标准轨迹跟踪问题,提出一种基于权值矩阵自适应修正的变轨段跟踪制导方法。分析了变轨段主要控制方式和标准轨迹特性;将简化的纵向运动方程在标准轨迹附近线性化;采用将误差项引进线性二次型性能指标加权矩阵的方式,设计了改进的权值自适应修正跟踪制导方法。CAV-H飞行器仿真分析表明,该方法能够实现高超声速滑翔飞行器变轨段高精度自适应跟踪制导,对初始及过程偏差具有良好的鲁棒性。     

基于非线性最优反馈控制的远程拦截闭环制导

利用非线性最优反馈控制和伪谱轨迹快速重构技术,设计了一种有限推力空间远程拦截自适应闭环制导方法。首先建立了有限推力远程拦截最优制导问题模型,并给出了适用于该问题的非线性最优反馈控制求解原理。然后,将空间变轨动力学模型特点和伪谱法相结合,设计了基于状态量缩减的计算效率改进策略以提高轨迹优化的实时性。基于改进伪谱法进行连续轨迹快速重构,利用开环最优解形成闭环反馈,从而保证制导指令的实时更新,并通过引入控制逻辑对制导算法进行改进。时间最短远程拦截仿真表明,该闭环制导方法在保证任务指标最优性的同时,可以有效抑制J2摄动和计算误差的影响,具有较高的制导精度、自适应性和鲁棒性。     

航天器轨道机动仿真

针对航天器轨道机动问题,研究了航天器的多种轨道机动方式,给出在不同轨道情况下的模型实现及数字仿真.设计了航天器轨道机动消耗的目标函数,建立了能量-时间消耗的混合优化指标,最终得出了航天器在不同约束条件下的轨道机动策略.     

Putin – the masked nemesis of the strategy of ambiguity

Recent events demonstrate the complex and adaptive approach employed by Russia to reassert influence in Europe. The changing face of Russia’s strategy commenced in 2007 when it launched a crippling cyber-attack against Estonia. This was followed by a large Russian conventional attack against Georgia in 2008, occupying two large areas of the nation. 2014 witnessed the Russian annexation of Crimea where in just a week, Russia seized control of Crimea “without firing a shot.” The annexation of Crimea was rapidly followed by a Russian inspired and led subversive war in eastern Ukraine. The common thread among these diverse Russian operations is its use of ambiguity to confound and confuse decision makers in the West.     

India's counter-insurgency experience: the ‘trust and nurture’ strategy

The Indian Army, a force trained primarily for conventional warfare, has been engaged in internal counter-insurgency operations since the 1950s. Despite such a long innings on a counter-insurgency mode, little attention has been accorded within military circles to doctrinal innovation for waging sub-conventional warfare in India's democratic political context. At best, the Army continues to view counter-insurgency duty as secondary to its primary duty of defending India from external conventional threats. By conceptualizing a counter-insurgency strategy of ‘trust and nurture’, this article aims to fill this critical doctrinal gap in India's military policy. The author argues that a counter-insurgency strategy of ‘trust and nurture’ based on democratic political culture, measured military methods, special counter-insurgency forces, local social and cultural awareness and an integrative nation-building approach will result in positive handling of India's internal security problems. The author utilizes India's counter-insurgency experiences in Assam, Mizoram, Nagaland, Punjab, and Operation ‘Sadhbhavana’ in Jammu and Kashmir as illustrative empirical indicants in order to validate the ‘trust and nurture’ strategy.     

An Unlikely Alliance: Portuguese and South African Airpower in Angola, 1968–1974

The war that Portugal was obliged to fight in Africa began in 1961 and immediately stretched the resources of its armed forces. Nowhere was this thinness more apparent than in policing the vast territory of Angola. The east and southeast of Angola were particularly vulnerable, as the area was a vast, sparsely populated region characterised by enormous featureless plains or chanas covered in tall grass and broken by an extensive river system and mountainous forests. The only military solution to policing these immense spaces was aviation and specifically the helicopter that could carry troops into battle, protect them with a gunship and bring them home when the operation was concluded. The immediate problem for the Portuguese Air Force (Força Aérea Portuguesa or FAP) in Angola and elsewhere was a scarcity of helicopters. The solution was an alliance with South Africa, which had a strong inventory of Alouette IIIs, to help in policing the east. This move was likewise in the interest of South Africa, as its threat came from Zambia through south-eastern Angola. This article examines the strategic and tactical development of this unusual, cross-cultural alliance and the symbiotic relationship that resulted in destruction of the enemies of both in Angola.     

Helping hands: civil–military cooperation and Italy's military operation abroad

In the Post-Bipolar Era the growing complexity of the military operations requires a new approach for the resolution of international crises. Since the end of the Cold War, peace support operations (PSO) have become the mainstay and principal occupation of most Western armies. At the same time, Italy has been one of the most important actors in such an area. The article focuses on the cooperation between military and civil components (a process called CIMIC) as a key variable in the Italian PSOs. We will analyse in detail the main lessons learned from past military interventions as well as the general context in which new tendencies are taking place. The maintaining of a minimum security frame becomes essential to fulfil activities ‘collateral’ to the mission: reconstructing services and infrastructure, food distribution, water and medication, law and order, de-mining, training of local forces, and supporting local institutions. These are the main tasks to obtain thrust and support from the population.     

Terrorism,insurgency, kidnapping,and security in Africa's energy sector

Energy continues to serve as the bedrock of modern economies and the main driver of modern society. For Africa, the production and supply of energy resources such as crude oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, biomass, biofuels and other renewables are an important source of employment, rents, taxes, royalties and profits. This sector brings in several tens of billions of dollars of revenue annually. The production and delivery of such resources, however, depend on critical infrastructures such as pipelines, refineries, processing plants, terminals, rigs, electrical energy pylons, substations, pump stations, vessels, and tankers. These infrastructures have been attacked by terrorists, insurgents, vandals and saboteurs, all of whom see them as targets against which to register their grievances and extract concessions from the state. This paper is a chronological account of some of the documented incidents of terrorism, insurgency, kidnapping, destruction, sabotage, and human casualties suffered in the oil and gas sectors in Africa between 1999 and 2012. It is based on data extracted from the databases of the RAND Database of World Terrorism Incidents and the University of Maryland's Global Terrorism Database (GTD).     

国内外结构钢焊条研究的现状与发展

本文主要介绍了国外焊条的现状和发展趋势,包括焊条的高韧性、高效率、低尘低毒和耐吸潮性能,为国内的焊条研究提供了参考依据。     

A Sign of Victory?: ‘Scottish Swords’ and Other Weapons in the Possession of the ‘Auld Innemie’

Many late medieval documents, notably inventories of arms and armour, of Englishmen contain references to ‘Scottish swords’ and other weapons. What did the compilers of these documents mean when they described a weapon as ‘Scottish’? How did such weapons come to be in the possession of these men? This article will attempt to explain this phenomenon drawing on primary documentary sources and surviving material culture from Glasgow Museums’ collections and others, as well as artworks from the period.     

Tacit support for terrorism: The rapprochement between the USSR and Palestinian guerrilla organizations following the 1967 war

This article demonstrates the inconsistent and wavering Soviet attitude towards national liberation movements in general and the Palestinian organizations in particular. Until the late 1960s, the Soviets viewed these organizations with suspicion, hesitating to engage in political dialogue with them. However, in the 1970s, political and military events in the region, as well as modifications in the Kremlin's Cold War strategies, led to a general shift towards the Middle East in Soviet foreign policy. Soviet leaders showed increased willingness to provide certain Palestinian organizations with arms with which to conduct terrorist activities against Israeli, pro-Israeli, Jewish and Western targets. The article explores the complex relations between Palestinian organizations and the USSR in the field of international terror. The study also exposes and analyzes the nature and content of Soviet–Palestinian arms dialogues and transactions. It provides clear evidence that Soviet policymakers and other luminaries were fully informed of, and sometimes directly involved in, these transactions and dialogues at the highest levels.     

A1 Qaeda and the radical Islamic challenge to western strategy

The September 11 global crisis prompted by the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon raises major questions concerning the nature and trajectory of terrorism in the post-Cold War global order. Hitherto, terrorism has been largely debated by analysts at the level of nation states. Terrorist and insurgent movements have also been largely anchored in nationalist and ethnic power bases even when they have sought to mobilise a transnational ideological appeal on religious or class grounds. There have been a few exceptions to this pattern such as the alliance between the German Baader-Meinhof group and the Japanese Red Army Faction, but even such international alliances as this did not, until at least the 1980s, presage anything like a global terrorist network necessitating a global strategic response. This study examines terrorism and global strategic responses.