基于合作博弈的智能集群自主聚集研究

智能集群是指由大量智能体构成、采用自组织策略协作完成任务的群体。以无人车集群系统协同监视再入体着靶过程为任务背景,开展智能集群自组织策略的关键技术研究。设计了无人车集群执行再入体着靶协同监视的集群行为模式,提出了基于合作博弈的智能集群自组织策略,各智能体以实现群体聚集为“合作目标”,以降低自身能量消耗为“竞争目标”,开展博弈,基于微粒群算法规划局部路径,最终使群体系统涌现出聚集行为。仿真实验验证了设计的自主聚集策略的有效性。     

基于合作博弈的智能集群自主聚集策略

以无人车集群系统协同监视再入体着靶过程为任务背景,开展智能集群自组织策略相关技术研究。设计无人车集群执行再入体着靶协同监视的集群行为模式;针对协同监视过程中的集群聚集行为,提出基于合作博弈的智能集群自主聚集策略。各智能体以实现群体聚集为"合作目标",以降低自身能量消耗为"竞争目标",开展博弈;基于微粒群算法规划局部路径,最终使群体系统涌现出聚集行为。仿真实验验证了设计的自主聚集策略的有效性。     

针对无人机集群对抗的规则与智能耦合约束训练方法

基于无人机集群智能攻防对抗构想,建立了无人机集群智能攻防对抗仿真环境。针对传统强化学习算法中难以通过奖励信号精准控制对抗过程中无人机的速度和攻击角度等问题,提出一种规则与智能耦合约束训练的多智能体深度确定性策略梯度(rule and intelligence coupling constrained multi-agent deep deterministic policy gradient, RIC-MADDPG)算法,该算法采用规则对强化学习中无人机的动作进行约束。实验结果显示,基于RIC-MADDPG方法训练的无人机集群对抗模型能使得红方无人机集群在对抗中的胜率从53%提高至79%,表明采用“智能体训练—发现问题—编写规则—再次智能体训练—再次发现问题—再次编写规则”的方式对优化智能体对抗策略是有效的。研究结果对建立无人机集群智能攻防策略训练体系、开展规则与智能相耦合的集群战法研究具有一定参考意义。     

反应式集群体系结构在蜂群弹药中的应用研究

随着无人武器集群式作战从想象加速变为现实,这种新型武器和战术势必将成为改变未来战争规则的重要推手。针对集群武器系统缺乏有效理论与系统技术支撑的问题,首先在多智能体理论和仿生集群智能技术的启发下,深入研究了基于集群行为驱动和个体行为规则的分布式决策框架,并结合视觉信息处理技术,构建了基于个体行为规则和集群行为原型的反应式集群框架;然后,建立了蜂群弹药任务和个体行为规则之间的映射关系;最后,将简单的区域搜索、饱和攻击等作战任务进行了嵌入式实现,对影响任务效率的关键因素进行了深入分析,为构建蜂群弹药等智能集群装备提供了技术储备和理论支持。初步仿真结果证明,对于50节点规模的集群,提出的反应式集群决策框架能够引导蜂群弹药高效完成避障、搜索和攻击等任务,且在40%、80%个体失效时搜索效率显著优于慎思式集群。     

基于MAS的航空集群体系结构探究

以多智能体理论为基础,对航空集群体系结构进行了探究。采用传统的自顶向下与基于涌现的自底向上相结合的方法,将集群系统划分为三层:系统层、任务层、自组织层;设计了三类智能体:任务决策智能体、任务管理智能体、任务执行智能体,三类智能体分别实现系统的三层功能。最后以航空集群反隐身任务为例进行分析。结果表明:该体系结构具有自适应性、鲁棒性,能够适应未来复杂多变的战争环境。     

基于PSO-AFSA算法的典型集群目标瞄准点选择

利用粒子群算法快速的局部收敛性和人工鱼群的全局收敛性,提出了基于粒子群的人工鱼群混合优化算法,并用于求解常规导弹打击集群目标瞄准点选择优化问题。仿真结果表明:此算法在求解常规导弹打击集群目标瞄准点选择问题时,可以较少的迭代次数取得比较满意的瞄准点。     

无人机集群智能的生成样式研究

无人机集群作战是未来的重要作战方式。无人机集群智能的生成模式及其应用实现途径等智能生成样式问题研究是无人机集群作战编成确定和作战运用设计的基础支撑。归纳提出了无人机集群智能的集中式、仿生行为式和功能分布式生成模式,并从总体上探讨了相应的应用实现途径;提出了基于平行系统架构的战中任务调整和航路再规划智能效果实现途径;研究提出了仿生行为智能涌现运用于陌生环境下航路搜索、攻击与优化的方法途径。     

基于深度强化学习的分布式UUV集群任务分配算法

任务分配问题是智能体集群研究的基础关键问题之一,UUV集群在任务分配问题方面受到水下探测和通信能力的限制,UUV个体只能获得周围局部信息,常规的全局算法无法得到很好的应用。提出了一种基于深度强化学习和分布式UUV集群组织架构的任务分配算法,算法首先实现每个UUV个体的局部任务分配,其次相邻的个体之间进行信息一致协调,从而实现UUV集群的最优化任务分配。仿真实验结果表明,所提算法相较遗传算法收敛更快,相较合同网算法通信量小,任务分配效率高,且分布式架构不依赖“指挥中心”,UUV集群系统的鲁棒性更高,任务分配可靠性更高。     

基于航迹消除与策略迭代的无人机集群区域目标搜索方法

无人机集群区域搜索在军事领域以及民用领域的搜救、巡逻、监测、环境勘测等方面有着广泛的应用,但如何保证不同场景下无人机集群搜索方法的效率问题依然是个难题。为了更好地解决搜索目标先验信息已知的无障碍区域内多无人机集群搜索航迹规划问题,提高无人机集群搜索效率,本文根据目标区域热度以及传感器探测概率等先验信息,提出了一种基于无人机航迹消除策略的概率计算方法,并在此基础上结合策略迭代算法动态规划无人机航迹,找到单个无人机航迹覆盖率最优策略;进而通过适当组合顺序实现无人机集群区域目标搜索整体覆盖率最优;最后,通过仿真计算验证了算法的有效性。     

一种基于单频GPS接收机的自迭代定位算法

随着通用航空及无人机产业的发展,低成本及小型化的导航解决方案将具有广泛的市场。提出了一种基于单频GPS接收机的自迭代定位算法,用于提高定位精度,增强定位收敛性。对该算法的基本原理进行了分析,并推导出该算法的数学模型,通过静态实验的方法对该算法的收敛性进行验证,并将该算法的位置信息与最小二乘法解出的位置信息进行对比,体现了自迭代定位算法的优势。     

Putin – the masked nemesis of the strategy of ambiguity

Recent events demonstrate the complex and adaptive approach employed by Russia to reassert influence in Europe. The changing face of Russia’s strategy commenced in 2007 when it launched a crippling cyber-attack against Estonia. This was followed by a large Russian conventional attack against Georgia in 2008, occupying two large areas of the nation. 2014 witnessed the Russian annexation of Crimea where in just a week, Russia seized control of Crimea “without firing a shot.” The annexation of Crimea was rapidly followed by a Russian inspired and led subversive war in eastern Ukraine. The common thread among these diverse Russian operations is its use of ambiguity to confound and confuse decision makers in the West.     

India's counter-insurgency experience: the ‘trust and nurture’ strategy

The Indian Army, a force trained primarily for conventional warfare, has been engaged in internal counter-insurgency operations since the 1950s. Despite such a long innings on a counter-insurgency mode, little attention has been accorded within military circles to doctrinal innovation for waging sub-conventional warfare in India's democratic political context. At best, the Army continues to view counter-insurgency duty as secondary to its primary duty of defending India from external conventional threats. By conceptualizing a counter-insurgency strategy of ‘trust and nurture’, this article aims to fill this critical doctrinal gap in India's military policy. The author argues that a counter-insurgency strategy of ‘trust and nurture’ based on democratic political culture, measured military methods, special counter-insurgency forces, local social and cultural awareness and an integrative nation-building approach will result in positive handling of India's internal security problems. The author utilizes India's counter-insurgency experiences in Assam, Mizoram, Nagaland, Punjab, and Operation ‘Sadhbhavana’ in Jammu and Kashmir as illustrative empirical indicants in order to validate the ‘trust and nurture’ strategy.     

An Unlikely Alliance: Portuguese and South African Airpower in Angola, 1968–1974

The war that Portugal was obliged to fight in Africa began in 1961 and immediately stretched the resources of its armed forces. Nowhere was this thinness more apparent than in policing the vast territory of Angola. The east and southeast of Angola were particularly vulnerable, as the area was a vast, sparsely populated region characterised by enormous featureless plains or chanas covered in tall grass and broken by an extensive river system and mountainous forests. The only military solution to policing these immense spaces was aviation and specifically the helicopter that could carry troops into battle, protect them with a gunship and bring them home when the operation was concluded. The immediate problem for the Portuguese Air Force (Força Aérea Portuguesa or FAP) in Angola and elsewhere was a scarcity of helicopters. The solution was an alliance with South Africa, which had a strong inventory of Alouette IIIs, to help in policing the east. This move was likewise in the interest of South Africa, as its threat came from Zambia through south-eastern Angola. This article examines the strategic and tactical development of this unusual, cross-cultural alliance and the symbiotic relationship that resulted in destruction of the enemies of both in Angola.     

Helping hands: civil–military cooperation and Italy's military operation abroad

In the Post-Bipolar Era the growing complexity of the military operations requires a new approach for the resolution of international crises. Since the end of the Cold War, peace support operations (PSO) have become the mainstay and principal occupation of most Western armies. At the same time, Italy has been one of the most important actors in such an area. The article focuses on the cooperation between military and civil components (a process called CIMIC) as a key variable in the Italian PSOs. We will analyse in detail the main lessons learned from past military interventions as well as the general context in which new tendencies are taking place. The maintaining of a minimum security frame becomes essential to fulfil activities ‘collateral’ to the mission: reconstructing services and infrastructure, food distribution, water and medication, law and order, de-mining, training of local forces, and supporting local institutions. These are the main tasks to obtain thrust and support from the population.     

Terrorism,insurgency, kidnapping,and security in Africa's energy sector

Energy continues to serve as the bedrock of modern economies and the main driver of modern society. For Africa, the production and supply of energy resources such as crude oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, biomass, biofuels and other renewables are an important source of employment, rents, taxes, royalties and profits. This sector brings in several tens of billions of dollars of revenue annually. The production and delivery of such resources, however, depend on critical infrastructures such as pipelines, refineries, processing plants, terminals, rigs, electrical energy pylons, substations, pump stations, vessels, and tankers. These infrastructures have been attacked by terrorists, insurgents, vandals and saboteurs, all of whom see them as targets against which to register their grievances and extract concessions from the state. This paper is a chronological account of some of the documented incidents of terrorism, insurgency, kidnapping, destruction, sabotage, and human casualties suffered in the oil and gas sectors in Africa between 1999 and 2012. It is based on data extracted from the databases of the RAND Database of World Terrorism Incidents and the University of Maryland's Global Terrorism Database (GTD).     

国内外结构钢焊条研究的现状与发展

本文主要介绍了国外焊条的现状和发展趋势,包括焊条的高韧性、高效率、低尘低毒和耐吸潮性能,为国内的焊条研究提供了参考依据。     

A Sign of Victory?: ‘Scottish Swords’ and Other Weapons in the Possession of the ‘Auld Innemie’

Many late medieval documents, notably inventories of arms and armour, of Englishmen contain references to ‘Scottish swords’ and other weapons. What did the compilers of these documents mean when they described a weapon as ‘Scottish’? How did such weapons come to be in the possession of these men? This article will attempt to explain this phenomenon drawing on primary documentary sources and surviving material culture from Glasgow Museums’ collections and others, as well as artworks from the period.     

Tacit support for terrorism: The rapprochement between the USSR and Palestinian guerrilla organizations following the 1967 war

This article demonstrates the inconsistent and wavering Soviet attitude towards national liberation movements in general and the Palestinian organizations in particular. Until the late 1960s, the Soviets viewed these organizations with suspicion, hesitating to engage in political dialogue with them. However, in the 1970s, political and military events in the region, as well as modifications in the Kremlin's Cold War strategies, led to a general shift towards the Middle East in Soviet foreign policy. Soviet leaders showed increased willingness to provide certain Palestinian organizations with arms with which to conduct terrorist activities against Israeli, pro-Israeli, Jewish and Western targets. The article explores the complex relations between Palestinian organizations and the USSR in the field of international terror. The study also exposes and analyzes the nature and content of Soviet–Palestinian arms dialogues and transactions. It provides clear evidence that Soviet policymakers and other luminaries were fully informed of, and sometimes directly involved in, these transactions and dialogues at the highest levels.     

A1 Qaeda and the radical Islamic challenge to western strategy

The September 11 global crisis prompted by the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon raises major questions concerning the nature and trajectory of terrorism in the post-Cold War global order. Hitherto, terrorism has been largely debated by analysts at the level of nation states. Terrorist and insurgent movements have also been largely anchored in nationalist and ethnic power bases even when they have sought to mobilise a transnational ideological appeal on religious or class grounds. There have been a few exceptions to this pattern such as the alliance between the German Baader-Meinhof group and the Japanese Red Army Faction, but even such international alliances as this did not, until at least the 1980s, presage anything like a global terrorist network necessitating a global strategic response. This study examines terrorism and global strategic responses.