某型舰载直升机起落架收放系统事故树的定性分析

本文选择“主起落架放不下”作为顶事件，建立了起落架收放系统事故树，利用最小割集的相关理论对事故树进行定性分析，找出了顶事件发生的各种原因组合，这对于掌握事故的发生规律，调查事故发生的原因提供了很大的帮助。     

埋地输油管道杂散电流腐蚀故障树分析

采用故障树分析方法,对造成埋地输油管道杂散电流腐蚀的因素进行系统分析;以29个基本事件为基础,构建埋地输油管道杂散电流腐蚀故障树。在定性分析中,采用Fussel Vesely法求解得到192个3阶最小割集。在定量分析中,采用专家判断和模糊集理论相结合的方法,计算各基本事件的发生概率,进而求得故障树顶事件的发生概率为3.386×10-4。并以基本事件"保护方式选择不当"为例,按照专家评估、确定权重、将自然语言转化为模糊数、转化为模糊可能性值、转化为模糊失效率5个步骤,求得其模糊失效概率为8.430×10-4。计算得到各基本事件的关键重要度,结果表明,土壤电阻率等8个基本事件具有较大的关键重要度。     

航空器轮胎爆破事故量化分析与预防方法研究

在对传统重要度优缺点开展分析并扩展航空事故重要性分析的基础上,提出了一种新的航空事故重要度定义和求解方法。以飞机轮胎爆破事故为例,给出了航空事故Bow-tie模型的建模方法和具体步骤,提出了利用基本事件和环节事件发生概率直接计算航空事故发生可能性的定量求解方法。从数值上建立了危险源与航空事故发生后果的量化联系,并提出了一种基于Bow-tie模型的航空事故预防对策和控制措施生成机制,为有效预防、控制和缓解各类航空事故提供了依据。     

基于事故树分析法的火灾致灾因素分析

基于事故树分析法对火灾中的致灾因素进行分析，通过对近十年51起重、特大火灾进行归纳、统计，利用火灾调查理论知识与事故树相结合，将火灾中的致灾因素分为起火原因、火灾中人员伤亡因素、造成财产损失原因进行分类统计，并利用最小割集和最小径集，计算出顶上事件的发生概率。最后对事故树进行分析讨论，找出避免顶上事件发生的措施，得出减少或消除火灾致灾的对策，为做好重、特大火灾的预防工作提供了参考。     

模糊故障树分析方法在机场环境安全中的应用

采用故障树分析法,对引起鸟击飞机的各个因素进行系统分析,并建立了故障树.通过定性分析,可得引起顶事件发生的2580个最小割集.采用专家判断和模糊集理论相结合的方法,评估故障树底事件发生概率的模糊性,并以"垃圾堆对鸟的吸引"这一底事件为例,计算出其模糊失效率.通过定量分析,计算出顶事件的发生概率为0.00241,同时可计算各底事件的重要度.     

故障树近似计算中最优权因子的选取

在故障树近似计算时,探讨通过加权提高计算准确度的简便方法。根据底事件发生概率的不同,利用VisualC 语言进行蒙特卡罗仿真计算,得到了在近似计算故障树顶事件发生概率时,在不同底事件发生概率对应区间内的最优权因子。利用该方法得到的最优权因子可以提高故障树近似计算的准确度,尤其是在当底事件发生概率较大时,其效果更为明显,可较好地满足采用故障树对某些特殊设备进行顶事件发生概率计算时提高计算精度的需求。     

积极推进空中交通管制一体化建设

随着军民航航空事业的飞速发展,全国空域环境变得更加复杂,飞行冲突频仍,安全隐患凸显,形势极其严峻。空中交通管制一体化是维护飞行秩序、确保飞行安全、提高管制效益的重要保证。针对存在的问题,目前应着重实现军民航之间空中交通管制系统、办公机制和人才培养一体化,以积极推进空中交通管制一体化建设。     

基于Event模型的跨高度层军民航碰撞风险分析

为了缓解军民航用空矛盾,确保空中飞行安全,使军航训练空域的划设更加科学可信,利用Event模型,以跨多个高度层的半滚倒转特技训练为例,通过仿真计算战斗机特技飞行训练标称航迹,以及军民航飞机在导航误差、飞行员操作误差、侧向风等因素影响下的侧向间隔丢失频率,获得在特技飞行训练中的军民航飞机碰撞概率模型,并给出符合国际民航组织安全目标等级的训练空域安全余度及军航飞行训练方法建议。     

土质边坡工程风险分析

扼要地阐述了边坡工程事故引发的原因和边坡工程体系包含的不确定因素,从自然、社会、经济、管理等方面对这些因素进行了归纳,介绍了安全评估的故障树分析法以及由顶事件概率求底事件概率的计算公式.从技术的角度对土质开挖边坡工程体系进行了研究,建立了边坡工程故障树模型以及在此模型下边坡工程风险事件发生概率Pf的计算方法.在求解风险损失的过程中分析了传统专家调查法存在的不足,从而提出改进的专家调查法.通过工程实例,定性和定量地对边坡工程风险进行了分析,利用风险分级体系对风险的大小进行评价,为边坡工程风险管理提供了一定的依据.     

军航空域与民航航路侧向间隔碰撞风险预测

为了使航空兵部队在军事训练中保证安全的同时,让训练空域的利用最大化,需要对民航航路与军航空域之间的侧向间隔进行预测(目标)。采用改进后的椭球Event模型,通过建立军民航飞机的侧向位置偏差概率模型,从歼击机盘旋起始转弯点的选取、速度和坡度的人为操作误差3个方面进行分析研究,进而对军航飞机的侧向位置偏差概率进行估算,结合民航的偏差概率模型,最后对军民航10 km的侧向间隔进行评估。仿真结果表明,在8组评估数据中,7组都符合规定的目标安全等级,并对不符合的给出了建议。从而说明改进模型对碰撞风险的评估是有效的,能够为军民航安全间隔的计算提供理论依据。     

油库储油区燃烧爆炸事故树分析

针对油库储油区安全管理点多面广的特点,分析储油区燃烧爆炸事故的相关影响因素和条件,建立完善的事故树模型。通过定性分析理清燃烧爆炸事故与基本事件之间的逻辑关系,定量分析获得各项基本事件的结构重要度排序,找出储油区存在燃烧爆炸隐患的重点部位,制订科学合理的安全信息监控点设置策略,为油库安全管理手段向信息化迈进提供决策依据。     

Joining by Number: Military Intervention in Civil Wars

Understanding why and when states militarily intervene in civil wars is crucial. Intervention can increase civil wars’ severity and the strategies employed in civil wars are shaped by the possibility of military intervention. This article argues that potential military interveners react to information revealed about warring parties’ intentions and relative power. Without revealed information, potential military interveners are unlikely to reconsider their initial decision to remain out of the war. Revealed information causes non-belligerent states to update their expectations about the trajectory of the civil war causing them, at times, to change their calculus about the benefits of belligerency and thus intervene. This helps explain why civil wars spread and when they do so. This explanation is tested using generalised estimating equations on a new data-set of unexpected events for the civil wars in the Correlates of War Intrastate War and PRIO Armed Conflict data-sets.     

基于作业成本原理的飞行训练保障费用模型

飞行训练保障费用是飞机使用保障费用中的重要组成部分,也是使用保障费用估算的重点和难点。结合目前航空兵部队实际工作情况,首先利用作业成本法的基本原理,对航空兵部队飞行保障阶段的作业进行划分,得出成本库及成本动因。其次针对军机飞行保障阶段的多种作业,建立基于作业成本法的飞行训练保障费用模型。最后通过算例说明其比其他估算方法所具备的优势。     

Civil–military relations in France: is there a gap?

Since President Jacques Chirac's 1996 decision to professionalise the armed forces, many political and military leader expressed concerns about its potential consequences on civil–military relations. Will the shift to an all-volunteer force create a gap in civil–military relations? The goal of the article is to provide a preliminary assessment of civil–military relations in France before the full professionalisation of the armed forces. Using the results of existing polls conducted annually, I lay out a basis of comparison to evaluate the future evolution of civil–military relations on several dimensions: image of the military, perception of civil–military relations, social and political values, and the legitimacy of the use of force. Although civil–military relations in France have never been as harmonious since the Second World War as they are today, the article argues that these relations are not as rosy as they may seem.     

Trading coups for civil war

This paper investigates civil conflict as a product of the survival strategies of African leaders. Specifically, the paper offers a theory of risk substitution that predicts coup-fearing leaders will undermine the military effectiveness of the state when making an effort to extend their own tenure. While ‘coup-proofing’ practices have often been noted as contributors to political survival, considerably less attention has been paid to the influence of these strategies on other forms of conflict. Utilising data from a number of cross-national datasets, the analyses show that having a higher number of ‘coup-proofing’ counterweights significantly worsens a state's civil conflict prospects. A brief consideration of multiple episodes of conflict further suggests that in addition to coup-proofing undermining the counterinsurgency capacity of the state, some leaders are simply indifferent to – or can even potentially benefit from – the existence of an insurgency.     

The Somali Conflict: Root causes,obstacles, and peace-building strategies

Unlike many African populations, the overwhelming majority of the Somalis are part of a single, homogeneous ethnic group. All Somalis are Muslim and share the same language and culture. Nevertheless, one of the most terrible civil wars in Africa has been waged in this country for more than two decades. Somalia has been without a functioning central government since the late dictator General Mohamed Siad Barre was ousted in 1991. This essay examines the root causes of the Somali conflict and analyses some of the obstacles that have plagued peace efforts for the last fourteen years. Finally, it identifies peace-building strategies that could help establish durable peace in Somalia. We argue that competition for resources and power, repression by the military regime and the colonial legacy are the background causes of the conflict. Politicised clan identity, the availability of weapons and the presence of a large number of unemployed youth have exacerbated the problem. With regard to the obstacles to peace, we contend that Ethiopia's hostile policy, the absence of major power interest, lack of resources and the warlords' lack of interest in peace are the major factors that continue to haunt the Somali peace process. Finally, we propose ambitious peace-building strategies that attempt to address the key areas of security, political governance, economic development and justice in order to build a durable peace in Somalia.     

Forecasting Civil Conflict with Zero-Inflated Count Models

Advances in the study of civil war have led to the proliferation of event count data, and to a corresponding increase in the use of (zero-inflated) count models for the quantitative analysis of civil conflict events. Our ability to effectively use these techniques is met with two current limitations. First, researchers do not yet have a definitive answer as to whether zero-inflated count models are a verifiably better approach to civil conflict modeling than are ‘less assuming’ approaches such as negative binomial count models. Second, the accurate analysis of conflict-event counts with count models – zero-inflated or otherwise – is severely limited by the absence of an effective framework for the evaluation of predictive accuracy, which is an empirical approach that is of increasing importance to conflict modelers. This article rectifies both of these deficiencies. Specifically, this study presents count forecasting techniques for the evaluation and comparison of count models' predictive accuracies. Using these techniques alongside out-of-sample forecasts, it then definitively verifies – for the first time – that zero-inflated count models are superior to comparable non-inflated models for the study of intrastate conflict events.     

China's Nuclear Forces and Their Significance to India

The Indian nuclear program is a response to a perceived politico-strategic threat from China as opposed to a military-operational one that New Delhi began after perceiving an “ultimatum” from China in 1965. Consequently, India is in the process of acquiring an assured second-strike capability vis-à-vis China to meet the requirements of general deterrence. While India has always been concerned about the Sino-Pakistani nuclear/missile nexus, China has become wary of the growing military ties between the United States and India in recent years, especially because of the military implications of the US-India civil nuclear deal. Given the growing conventional military gap between the two states, India is not lowering its nuclear threshold to meet the Chinese conventional challenge. Instead, India is upgrading its conventional military strategy from dissuasion to deterrence against China. While the overall Sino-Indian nuclear relationship is stable, it will be challenged as China acquires advanced conventional weapons that blur the distinction between conventional and nuclear conflict.     

Network structure of insurgent groups and the success of DDR processes in Colombia

We argue that organizational structure of insurgent organizations influences the prospects for success in a disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration process (DDR). In essence, we argue that more cohesive, tighter networks have higher levels of supervision and control on its military units and increase the probability of successful DDR processes. In order to evaluate our hypotheses, we use the theory of networks to map and characterize the network structure of the United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia (AUC) and the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC). Our results suggest that armed military units grouped in smaller and more isolated components on the network remilitarize with higher probability with respect to other units on the network. Also, we find that military units with high degree of centrality on the network play an important role for the risk of conflict recurrence and success in a DDR process.     

Holmes’ front: constructing a new face of battle for America’s Civil War

ABSTRACT

In his seminal study of the changing nature of warfare between Agincourt and the Somme, military historian John Keegan proposed that future historians might consider combatants’ emotions in their assessments of the impact and nature of conflict. Recent years have witnessed the emergence of the history of emotions as an analytical approach, but rarely, if ever, is this directed toward the study of military history, far less the history of insurgencies and counter-insurgencies. This paper examines America’s civil war (1861–1865) as a case study of the ways in which an emotional history approach might illuminate not the physical experiences of but rather the immediate and longer-term reactions to counter-insurgency conflict through a focus on one specific individual, the future Supreme Court Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. It proposes that Holmes, whilst not a man of the ranks, nevertheless can reveal the wider ramifications of civil war and its emotional impact, both individually and culturally. As a relatively limited internecine war, one not fought by professional armies but by volunteer forces, America’s civil war highlights the ways in which the soldier’s response points us toward the kind of emotional revolution that has, to date, mainly been located within the European nations.