离心式喷嘴雾化特性的数值模拟

利用FLIJENT软件对燃烧室离心式喷嘴的喷雾特性进行数值K-ε模拟.湍流模型采用标准模型,使用离散相模型(包括碰撞和破碎模型)追踪液滴运动轨迹,按非定常流动计算喷雾液滴在喷雾流场中的雾化情况.模拟结果给出了喷雾流场随着时间的变化规律,得到并分析了喷射压差、流量和喷雾锥角对雾化液滴尺寸、贯穿距的影响,数值模拟得到的结果与实验值吻合良好,为喷嘴结构及参数设计提供理论参考.     

鱼雷离心式喷嘴喷雾特性的实验与数值

对鱼雷离心式喷嘴喷雾特性进行了实验和数值模拟研究.实验研究中确定了喷嘴前后压差与流量的对应关系.数值研究中采用拉格朗日离散相模型对该喷嘴三维喷雾流场进行了模拟分析,模拟结果给出了不同流量下索太尔平均直径(SMD)和液滴分布指数随着喷嘴压差的变化规律,并把模拟所得的平均直径与实验结果做了比较,二者吻合较好.     

环管型燃烧室喷雾燃烧DES模拟

为研究燃气轮机燃烧室内复杂的两相三维湍流燃烧问题,采用基于Realizable k-ε模型的分离涡模拟(DES)方法对环管型燃烧室进行喷雾燃烧数值模拟.数值模拟结果表明:DES模拟在燃烧区发挥出大涡模拟(LES)的作用,能获取结构复杂的流场、温度场和涡量场,其对流场内涡结构的捕捉和分辨能力明显强于传统的RANS(雷诺时均N-S方法)模拟.与实验数据对比发现,DES模拟所得燃烧产物含量和燃烧室出口温度分布更符合.因此,DES方法可用于复杂形状燃烧室的燃烧数值模拟,能够避免RANS模型对湍流脉动进行平均处理导致耗散过大、抹平涡结构的缺点,从而可获取更准确的计算结果.     

预燃室内气氢气氧射流燃烧过程数值分析

建立了液体火箭发动机预燃室内气氢气氧射流燃烧过程的数学模型,包括燃烧过程控制守恒方程、湍流流动方程和湍流燃烧模型,以及求解控制方程所需的辅助关系式;给出了模拟射流燃烧过程的数值方法。对于给定的预燃室结构型式和尺寸,研究了喷嘴构型和氧的喷射方式对化学反应流场和燃烧性能的影响规律。结果表明,喷嘴构型和氧的喷射方式对流动过程和燃烧性能都有影响,且喷嘴结构的影响较为明显。     

不同形状喷嘴内流场模拟分析

建立了前混合磨料水射流喷嘴内固液两相流动的数学模型,运用Fluent软件对圆柱型、圆锥收敛型、流线型和圆锥带圆柱段收敛型喷嘴内流场进行了数值模拟,分析了喷嘴形状对喷嘴内流场和磨料颗粒加速性能的影响,并通过切割实验验证了仿真结果的可靠性。结果表明:圆柱型喷嘴能量损耗较大,圆锥收敛型喷嘴对磨料颗粒的加速性能差,流线型喷嘴性能良好但不易加工,只有圆锥带圆柱段收敛型喷嘴是用作前混合式磨料水射流喷嘴的最优选择。     

非淹没高速水射流喷嘴内外流场数值模拟

将紊流K－ε模型和多流体模型结合,建立了适合于描述非淹没高速水射流喷嘴内外流场特性的数学模型,构造了可靠的算法,并进行了大量的模拟计算。计算的射流液体区长度与实验数据吻合较好,同时探讨了锥角等对锥形喷嘴射流流场的影响,指出了改进锥形喷嘴射流特性的途径及简单锥形喷嘴的不足。本研究方法可以用于其他形状喷嘴的非淹没高速水射流特性的数值模拟。     

高速气流条件下的喷嘴与火焰稳定器匹配特性研究

针对亚燃冲压发动机燃烧室内部流动特点,在二元稳定器气流试验装置中使用拍摄OH基自发光辐射的方法,研究了火焰稳定器与喷嘴以不同间距匹配情况下的燃烧特性,利用气液两相流模型数值仿真手段,分析了试验工况下燃油雾化液滴与稳定器后方油气比的分布情况.通过对比分析认为,高速气流条件下喷嘴与火焰稳定器间距变化对反应流场影响明显,喷-...     

回转体壁面喷气出流均匀度影响因素分析

为改善喷气出漉均匀度从而提高减阻率,采用数值模拟的方法,研究了总进气流量、滤板、,喷孔大小、出口背压等因素对喷气装王出口流量分布的影响.敷值计算结果表明:较小的喷孔可大幅提高出口气流均匀度;在喷孔直径较大时(3 mm),加装滤板有一定的整流作用,增加滤板层敷对出口流量均匀度改善不大;喷孔直径较小时(0.8 mm).加装滤板对出口流量分布影响不大,可以不使用滤板;出口背压沿浸深线性分布使出口流量向背压低的喷孔偏移,出口背压小的喷孔流量大,出口背压大的喷孔流量小;总进气流量增大,出口流量均匀性提高.     

带有中心预燃室的冲压发动机数值模拟研究

为提高低压条件下燃烧室点火和火焰稳定性能,设计了一种中心预燃室结构的冲压发动机。运用数值模拟方法对简化燃烧室内部的喷雾燃烧流场进行了分析。结果表明:随着燃烧室工作阶段的不同,预燃室尾部收缩段对内外涵气流相互作用的影响存在差异;由于局部压差的增大,预燃室取气口将出现局部加速效应;预燃室内流动过程受下游燃烧的影响。     

气态煤油超声速燃烧简化化学反应模型

为探究超燃冲压发动机燃烧室中煤油燃料燃烧的化学动力学过程，综合采用敏感性分析方法与路径分析方法，针对RP-3航空煤油三组分替代燃料的详细反应模型进行简化，建立一种适用于超声速燃烧流场数值模拟的新型26组分89反应简化燃烧反应模型。采用该简化燃烧模型对RP-3航空煤油替代燃料的点火、燃烧特性进行数值模拟，并与详细反应模型结果和试验数据进行对比校验。此外，将该简化燃烧模型与超声速燃烧流场计算方法相结合，数值分析了典型超燃冲压发动机燃烧室流场内化学动力学特性。研究结果表明：新型简化燃烧反应模型在不影响数值模拟精度的前提下，有效减少了反应组分与反应方程个数，提高了超声速复杂燃烧流场的数值模拟效率，并且能够准确获得烯烃、炔烃等重要中间燃烧产物以及小分子活性基团的空间分布规律，给出更全面的流场信息。     

An Unlikely Alliance: Portuguese and South African Airpower in Angola, 1968–1974

The war that Portugal was obliged to fight in Africa began in 1961 and immediately stretched the resources of its armed forces. Nowhere was this thinness more apparent than in policing the vast territory of Angola. The east and southeast of Angola were particularly vulnerable, as the area was a vast, sparsely populated region characterised by enormous featureless plains or chanas covered in tall grass and broken by an extensive river system and mountainous forests. The only military solution to policing these immense spaces was aviation and specifically the helicopter that could carry troops into battle, protect them with a gunship and bring them home when the operation was concluded. The immediate problem for the Portuguese Air Force (Força Aérea Portuguesa or FAP) in Angola and elsewhere was a scarcity of helicopters. The solution was an alliance with South Africa, which had a strong inventory of Alouette IIIs, to help in policing the east. This move was likewise in the interest of South Africa, as its threat came from Zambia through south-eastern Angola. This article examines the strategic and tactical development of this unusual, cross-cultural alliance and the symbiotic relationship that resulted in destruction of the enemies of both in Angola.     

Helping hands: civil–military cooperation and Italy's military operation abroad

In the Post-Bipolar Era the growing complexity of the military operations requires a new approach for the resolution of international crises. Since the end of the Cold War, peace support operations (PSO) have become the mainstay and principal occupation of most Western armies. At the same time, Italy has been one of the most important actors in such an area. The article focuses on the cooperation between military and civil components (a process called CIMIC) as a key variable in the Italian PSOs. We will analyse in detail the main lessons learned from past military interventions as well as the general context in which new tendencies are taking place. The maintaining of a minimum security frame becomes essential to fulfil activities ‘collateral’ to the mission: reconstructing services and infrastructure, food distribution, water and medication, law and order, de-mining, training of local forces, and supporting local institutions. These are the main tasks to obtain thrust and support from the population.     

Terrorism,insurgency, kidnapping,and security in Africa's energy sector

Energy continues to serve as the bedrock of modern economies and the main driver of modern society. For Africa, the production and supply of energy resources such as crude oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, biomass, biofuels and other renewables are an important source of employment, rents, taxes, royalties and profits. This sector brings in several tens of billions of dollars of revenue annually. The production and delivery of such resources, however, depend on critical infrastructures such as pipelines, refineries, processing plants, terminals, rigs, electrical energy pylons, substations, pump stations, vessels, and tankers. These infrastructures have been attacked by terrorists, insurgents, vandals and saboteurs, all of whom see them as targets against which to register their grievances and extract concessions from the state. This paper is a chronological account of some of the documented incidents of terrorism, insurgency, kidnapping, destruction, sabotage, and human casualties suffered in the oil and gas sectors in Africa between 1999 and 2012. It is based on data extracted from the databases of the RAND Database of World Terrorism Incidents and the University of Maryland's Global Terrorism Database (GTD).     

国内外结构钢焊条研究的现状与发展

本文主要介绍了国外焊条的现状和发展趋势,包括焊条的高韧性、高效率、低尘低毒和耐吸潮性能,为国内的焊条研究提供了参考依据。     

A Sign of Victory?: ‘Scottish Swords’ and Other Weapons in the Possession of the ‘Auld Innemie’

Many late medieval documents, notably inventories of arms and armour, of Englishmen contain references to ‘Scottish swords’ and other weapons. What did the compilers of these documents mean when they described a weapon as ‘Scottish’? How did such weapons come to be in the possession of these men? This article will attempt to explain this phenomenon drawing on primary documentary sources and surviving material culture from Glasgow Museums’ collections and others, as well as artworks from the period.     

Tacit support for terrorism: The rapprochement between the USSR and Palestinian guerrilla organizations following the 1967 war

This article demonstrates the inconsistent and wavering Soviet attitude towards national liberation movements in general and the Palestinian organizations in particular. Until the late 1960s, the Soviets viewed these organizations with suspicion, hesitating to engage in political dialogue with them. However, in the 1970s, political and military events in the region, as well as modifications in the Kremlin's Cold War strategies, led to a general shift towards the Middle East in Soviet foreign policy. Soviet leaders showed increased willingness to provide certain Palestinian organizations with arms with which to conduct terrorist activities against Israeli, pro-Israeli, Jewish and Western targets. The article explores the complex relations between Palestinian organizations and the USSR in the field of international terror. The study also exposes and analyzes the nature and content of Soviet–Palestinian arms dialogues and transactions. It provides clear evidence that Soviet policymakers and other luminaries were fully informed of, and sometimes directly involved in, these transactions and dialogues at the highest levels.     

A1 Qaeda and the radical Islamic challenge to western strategy

The September 11 global crisis prompted by the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon raises major questions concerning the nature and trajectory of terrorism in the post-Cold War global order. Hitherto, terrorism has been largely debated by analysts at the level of nation states. Terrorist and insurgent movements have also been largely anchored in nationalist and ethnic power bases even when they have sought to mobilise a transnational ideological appeal on religious or class grounds. There have been a few exceptions to this pattern such as the alliance between the German Baader-Meinhof group and the Japanese Red Army Faction, but even such international alliances as this did not, until at least the 1980s, presage anything like a global terrorist network necessitating a global strategic response. This study examines terrorism and global strategic responses.     

Helping hands: external support for the KNU insurgency in Burma

This article analyses to what extent the Burmese KNU insurgency made use of external support from states, refugees, and diasporas. Based on extensive fieldwork it is concluded that support from neighbouring states and refugees has for years kept the Karen rebellion alive. Western countries perceived forms of resistance to the illegitimate Burmese regime as just and have therefore played a crucial role in the continuation of conflict in Karen State. It is important that policymakers and donors as well as executing organizations continue to reflect critically on the way they exercise their work.     

Cyberpower in Strategic Affairs: Neither Unthinkable nor Blessed

Abstract

This article explores the effect of connectivity on strategic affairs. It argues that the effect on war's character is potentially, although not yet shown in practice, considerably large. Its effect upon the distribution of power among states in the international system is small, contrary to the claims of ‘cyberwar’ alarmists. All told, however, its effect upon strategic affairs is complex. On the one hand, it represents a significant advance in the ‘complexification’ of state strategies, understood in the sense of the production of intended effects. On the other hand, strategists today – still predominantly concerned with the conflicts and confrontations of states and organised military power – are generally missing the power which non-traditional strategic actors, better adapted to the network flows of the information age, are beginning to deploy. These new forms of organization and coercion will challenge the status quo.