低温跨声速风洞设计中的真实气体效应研究

风洞以低温气体为介质运行时,气体会表现出热力和热值的不完全,风洞回路气体流动参数计算需要考虑低温真实气体效应。计算给出了氮气介质在温度100～323 K、压力100～450 kPa范围压缩性因子和比热比的变化规律,并通过将等熵膨胀系数引入一维完全气体流动方程,发展了低温跨声速风洞气流流动参数计算分析模型,获得了跨声速风洞高速运行时气流液化温度和压力的组合边界包络线。对比分析结果表明：在低温跨声速风洞的运行压力(115～450 kPa)和温度(110～323 K)范围内,基于等熵膨胀系数计算得到的气体流动状态参数的理论计算值与气体真实物理解的偏差小于1%,完全可满足低温跨声速风洞工程设计需求。     

润滑油基础油黏度调和模型的优化选择

通过测定46#机械油基础油与PAO8（8#聚α-烯烃油）不同比例混合后油品的黏温性能,研究了黏度偏差率随测量温度的变化规律．通过实验发现：国际通用黏度调和计算模型能较好预测混合基础油的高温运动黏度,黏度偏差率最大值为3．56％;而美国标准局的黏度调和计算模型在混合基础油的低温运动黏度计算上精确度更高．     

提高被装品保暖性途径之探析

该文以传热学理论为依据,研究人体、服装与环境三者之间热量传递机理,建立热流量传导关系式为Qq=t_s-t_a/R_cl R_2又以生理卫生学为基础,推导出服装隔热值计算通式为I_cl=23.2A(t_s-t_a)/Qq即:服装总隔热值(保暧量)I_c1与服装散热量Q_q成反相关关系.论文从不同角度就Q_q的降低,加以剖析,从而探讨了提高被装品保暖性途径.     

对称螺杆流量计转子热变形的综合分析

利用有限元理论对８０ｍｍ口径的对称螺杆流量计转子的热变形进行了综合分析．整个计算程序分为平衡和非平衡两套系统．通过计算转子的热变形,推导出热变形对转子泄漏和运转等方面的影响．最后得出对生产有指导意义的具体数值和具体方法．     

用伴随方程研究烟幕施放的优化问题

从描述烟幕扩散的基本方程出发,提出了一类烟幕施放的优化问题．文中指出,这类问题由于约束条件为复杂的偏微分方程,计算量很大,难以直接求解．为了解决这一问题,引入了一种伴随方法以降低计算量．推导了三维非平坦地形下大气平流一扩散方程的伴随方程,利用伴随方程和原方程的关系,对优化问题进行了等价变形,大大降低了计算量．最后通过一个算例,对这一方法的有效性进行了演示。     

破片对军用方舱的冲击毁伤效应研究

基于薄板的极限穿透速度及破片穿透薄板的余速理论,就破片对军用方舱的冲击毁伤效应进行深入分析．通过理论计算,得到圆柱形破片穿透方舱后的剩余速度．在AUTODYN中构建模型,对圆柱形破片穿透方舱的过程进行数值模拟,其结果表明,数值模拟结果与理论计算的误差较小,证明该模型的可靠性．     

天线宽频辐射功率的FDTD数值计算

为了实现混响室的仿真电场值与实测值的直接对比,需要计算发射天线的宽频辐射功率．基于坡印廷矢量的面积分,利用时域有限差分算法和快速傅里叶变换,得到了天线宽频辐射功率的快速计算方法．应用该方法对半波偶极子天线和短偶极子天线进行数值仿真,通过仿真值与理论值的比较,验证了该方法的正确性．该方法适用于任何能够用FDTD进行合理建模的电磁设备的辐射功率计算,且一次计算即可得到宽频辐射功率,不仅为混响室仿真结果的归一化打下基础,而且也是分析其他电磁设备宽频辐射特性的可行方法．     

基于小波变换的宽带模糊函数估计器

提出了一种基于小波变换的宽带模糊函数参数估计器,即通过交互小波变换计算宽带模糊函数,取宽带模糊函数模的平方的峰值点对应参数作为目标时延与时间伸缩的估计．仿真结果表明,该估计器的估计性能好于直接模糊函数估计器,且计算方便,非常适合于实际宽带处理系统应用．     

基于老化实验的某型双基推进剂安定性能研究

为研究某型双基推进剂的安定性能,采用热老化加速寿命实验、气相色谱实验、质量损失实验和爆热实验对某型双基推进剂在不同老化温度(65、75、85、95℃)下的安定性和安定剂的作用机理以及爆热进行了研究,并对3种失效模式下的双基推进剂进行了安全贮存寿命预估。结果表明:随着老化时间的增加,某型双基推进剂的安定剂含量逐渐下降,质量损失增加,爆热值下降。对于某型双基推进剂的安全贮存寿命宜采用以爆热值下降进行预估。     

细水雾抑制淬火油火灾的实验研究

由于淬火油的特殊理化性质,传统的水灭火方式不适用扑救淬火油火灾。迄今为止,虽然有人对淬火油的火灾防治进行了研究,但用细水雾扑灭淬火油这类粘度较大,热值较高的矿物油火的研究还不是非常深入。从淬火油的燃烧特性出发,通过模拟真实的火灾场景和对比实验,评估细水雾对此类火灾的控制、抑制和扑灭的过程。     

A study of flames with millimeter-wave radiation

It is a valuable issue to explore whether a flame can radiate microwaves, in spite of the electric field formed in the flame. Presented herein is an experimental study on a series of flames with millimeter-wave radiation in the combustion of pyrotechnic films. The pyrotechnic films were composed of ultra-fine red phosphorus (P), sodium nitrate (NaNO₃), Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) and some additives such as chopped carbon fibers (CFs) and aluminized glass fibers (GFs). The combustion temperatures and millimeter-wave radiation signals of the flames were measured, the millimeter-wave emissivity and spectral radiant exitance were calculated to describe the millimeter-wave radiation intensity. The results demonstrate that the flame of the pyrotechnic films based on P/NaNO₃/CFs can radiate millimeter waves, and different materials and their proportion have a great effect on the millimeter-wave radiation intensity.     

Effects of Mg/PTFE pyrotechnic compositions on reignition characteristics of base bleed propellants and heating mechanism

The effects of magnesium/polytetrafluoroethylene (Mg/PTFE) pyrotechnic compositions on the coupled flow field and reignition mechanism are important aspects governing the performance and range of base bleed projectiles (BBPs).Owing to a decrease in pressure and temperature when the BBP leaves the muzzle,rapid depressurization occurs,which extinguishes the base bleed propellant.The Mg/PTFE py-rotechnic composition pressed in the igniter of the base bleed unit (BBU) provides additional energy to the BBU via a chemical reaction.Thus,the extinguished base bleed propellant is reignited under the effect of high-temperature combustion gas jets from the igniter.In this study,a numerical analysis is conducted to evaluate the effects of PTFE and Mg granularity as well as Mg/PTFE pyrotechnic compo-sitions.Owing to the rapid depressurization,the temperature and pressure was found to decrease for different Mg/PTFE pyrotechnic compositions.However,the depressurization time increased as the PTFE granularity increased,the Mg granularity decreased,and the Mg content increased.When the pressure in the combustion chamber of the BBU decreased to the atmospheric pressure,the combustion gas jets from the igniter expand upstream (rather than downstream).However,these combustion gas jets exhibit different axial and radial expansion characteristics depending on the pyrotechnic compositions used.The results show that the reignition delay time,td,of the base bleed propellant was 377.608,94.27,387.243,523.966,and 221.094 ms for cases A-E,respectively.Therefore,it was concluded that the Mg/PTFE pyrotechnic composition of case B was the most beneficial for the reignition of the base bleed propellant,with the earliest addition of energy and mass to the BBP.     

典型线性火工分离装置作用过程数值模拟及试验研究

针对目前线性火工分离装置的优化设计主要依靠试验验证,成本高且设计优化迭代慢的问题,采用任意拉格朗日-欧拉方法建立典型线性火工分离装置的数值模型。通过火工分离试验和光子多普勒测速试验对上述数值模型进行验证,发现该数值模型具有较好的精度。使用该模型研究上述火工分离装置分离瞬态过程的力学机理,并定量分析多种因素对分离装置重点部位等效塑性应变等关键特征量的影响。研究发现,芯药线密度、分离板削弱槽底部的圆角半径对分离装置的作用过程有重大影响。此外,保护罩材质、削弱槽开口角度、分离板槽结构尺寸等因素对分离过程也有一定影响,但其影响相对较小。研究结果可以为典型线性火工分离装置的优化设计提供基础。     

Numerical investigation on cooling performance of filter in a pyrotechnic gas generator

As a key part of the pyrotechnic gas generator,the filter not only removes the particulate matter but also cools the hot gas to a safe level.This paper aims to improve the understanding of the basic heat and flow phenomenon in the gas generator.The pyrotechnic gas generator is modelling by a simplified filter structure with fiber arrays.A finite-volume model of the heat and fluid flow is proposed to simulate the detailed multi-dimensional flow and energy conversion behaviors.Several verification results are in good agreement with data in different references.Simulation results demonstrate that the filter can not only absorb heat from the gas but also cause the high intensity enhancement of the heat transfer.The per-formance difference between inline and staggered arrays is also discussed.The findings of the study put a further prediction tool for the understanding and design of the filter system with fibers.     

Research on a MEMS pyrotechnic with a double-layer barrier safety and arming device

As an essential component of ammunition, pyrotechnics can control ignition with high reliability. However, due to limits of fabrication technology, traditional pyrotechnics are bulky. To achieve both functionality and miniaturization, MEMS pyrotechnics integrate initiator, safety-and-arming (S&A) device and lead charge and keep all components within a small size. MEMS S&A devices, as the core component to ensure system safety, are difficult to achieve active and rapid response to control signals with high safety and reliability. In order to overcome the difficulty, we propose the design and characterization of a MEMS pyrotechnic with a double-layer barrier S&A device. The MEMS pyrotechnic is a high-integrated device with an overall size of 13.4 × 8.5 × 5.2 mm³. The initiator is a NiCr bridge foil covered with an Al/CuO energetic film, which can generate flame when ignited by an excitation voltage. To match the flame energy, lead styphnate is chosen in this study as the lead charge. The S&A device contains four semi-circular barriers, which are directly driven by V-shape electro-thermal actuators to gain active control of the pyrotechnics' ignition condition with rapid response. To improve the system's reliability, the four barriers are axisymmetrically placed in two layers, two barriers for each layer, to constitute a double-layer structure with a thickness of 100 μm. The ignition test results show that the S&A device can prevent the initiator from detonating the lead charge in safety condition. In arming condition, the lead charge will be detonated.     

Combustion of B4C/KNO3 binary pyrotechnic system

Presented herein is an experimental study on the combustion of B4C/KNO3 binary pyrotechnic system.Combustion products were tested using X-ray diffraction(XRD),scanning electron microscopy(SEM),and energy dispersive spectrometer(EDS).According to the results of tests and CEA calculation,the combustion reaction equation was established.The flames and burning rates were recorded by a high speed camera and a spectrophotometer.The effect of B4C particle size on the thermal sensitivity of B4C/KNO3 was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry(DSC)techniques.In addition,a reliable method for calculating the flame temperature was proposed.Based on the results of experiments,the combustion reaction mechanism was briefly analyzed.The burning rate,flame temperature and thermal sensitivity of B4C/KNC3 increase with the decrease of B4C particle size.The mass ratio of B4C/KNO3 has a great effect on combustion properties.Oxidizer-rich compositions have low flame temperatures,low burning rates,and provide green light emission.The combustion reactions of fuel-rich compositions are vigorous,and the B4C/KNO3 with mass ratio of 25:75 has the highest burning rate and the highest flame temperature.     

地表目标复合散射的强迫激励法分析

研究了强迫激励方法在电磁散射计算中的应用 ,此方法将地表目标散射分析化为两步 :首先分析地面的散射 ,再将地面的散射作为激励作用于目标 ,从而得到地面背景下目标的电磁散射信号。应用强迫激励方法计算了地表背景下车体的时域电磁散射 ,并与试验作了对比 ,两者比较吻合     

Growth model of cavity generated by the projectile impacting liquid-filled tank

The high-speed impact of a projectile on a liquid-filled tank causes the hydraulic ram, in which a cavity is formed. To study the growth characteristics of the cavity, the formation mechanism of the cavity is analyzed. The effect of Reynolds number and Mach number on drag coefficient is considered, the axial and radial growth models of the cavity are established respectively. The relative errors between the cavity length calculated by the axial growth model, the cavity diameter calculated by the radial growth model and Ma L. Y. test results are less than 20%, which verifies the effectiveness of the axial and radial growth models. Finally, numerical simulation is carried out to study the growth characteristics of the cavity caused by the projectile impacting the satellite tank at the velocity of 4000 m/s. The cavity length and diameter calculated by the axial and radial growth models agree well with those obtained by simulation results, indicating that the cavity length and diameter in satellite tank can be accurately calculated by the axial and radial growth models.     

油水两相分层流层流流速分布计算分析

利用剪切力比模型,进一步讨论了油水两相分层流层流流动的速度分布规律,将水相流速假设为抛物线形式分布与实验结果有较大偏差,将水相分为拖曳和返流两段更接近实际情况,模型所得水相计算结果更接近实验数据。指出剪切力比模型能否适合于油水两相分层流动计算理论需要更多实验结果验证。     

导管螺旋桨敞水性能的预报和比较

借助于计算流体力学软件,对导管螺旋桨的敞水性能进行了数值模拟,得到了在不同网格模型和湍流模型下导管螺旋桨的正车敞水性能曲线,通过与试验图谱的对比分析,发现Wilcoxk-ω模型更适合于导管螺旋桨的敞水性能计算,并且采用结构化网格和非结构化网格相结合的计算方法能够满足导管螺旋桨敞水性能预报的工程精度要求。同时,当网格中存在少量高度倾斜的网格单元时,在不影响计算收敛的情况下,仍能将计算误差控制在10%以内。此外,如果要获得更为精确的计算结果,应提高网格质量,尽量使用结构化网格,并将近壁面网格加密,合理控制壁面附近的Y+值。虽然网格数量的增加并不总是意味着计算误差的减少,但合理控制网格细密度能够获得更为可信的计算结果。