有源电扫描雷达——先进战机的新标配

机载有源电扫描阵列(AESA)雷达以数百乃至上千个发射/接收模块构成有源天线阵列.通过控制各 T/R(发射/接收)模块发射电磁波波束的相位实现雷达波束方向的改变.这种电子控制的扫描     

扇形波束和针状波束雷达的地对空干扰暴露区比较

扇形波束和针状波束具有不同的方向性特点,对这两种波束的机载雷达实施干扰,将形成不同的暴露区.机载雷达天线本身的方向性是影响干扰能量进入雷达接收端的直接原因.提出两种波束雷达对接收干扰能量增益的计算方法,依据雷达干扰方程,通过计算仿真,分别绘制并分析两种暴露区的特点和变化规律,认为雷达天线波束方向性对干扰阵地配置、干扰目标选择、干扰时机选择和干扰效果评估都将产生深刻影响.     

军用相控阵雷达的应用及发展

人们很可能从影视画面中得到这样一种印象:雷达为了“看”到不同的方位、高度的目标,必须使天线不停地转动、俯仰,进行机械扫描。然而这种印象是不全面的。比如相控阵雷达就不是机械扫描雷达,而是电扫描雷达。它的天线可以固定在一个方向,然后通过计算机控制雷达波束的指向,来实现方位或高低扫描。准确地说,相控阵雷达是一种利用电子技术控制阵列天线各辐射单元的馈电相位,使雷达的波束指向快速变化的雷达。     

基于粒子滤波的雷达波束方位指向估计*

雷达波束方位指向估计是雷达侦察及精确干扰等雷达手段的基础和关键技术。传统估计方法难以适应天线扫描速度变化的情形,为此该文建立了波束方位指向估计的状态空间模型,并引入粒子滤波技术对状态变量进行估计。粒子滤波是非线性和非高斯情形下进行状态估计的强有力算法,基于粒子滤波的雷达波束方位指向估计算法具有良好的性能,能够适应天线扫描速度变化的情形。仿真实验验证了所提算法的适用性和有效性。     

名词注释

极化极化是各种矢量波共有的一种性质。天线的极化是指天线辐射的电磁波的电场和磁场的方向。通常分为水平极化、垂直线极化、圆极化等。雷达为了抗干扰等目的,将天线的极化做成可变的。余割平方天线雷达用窄窄的波束探测广阔空域的目标,扫描所用的时间太长。为了节省搜索目标的时间,同时兼顾到测向精度和分辨力,可以在一个方向上产生宽的扇形波束、而另一个方向上仍用窄波束。这样的天线叫作“赋形波束天线”。余割平方天线就是一     

行进雷达——让雷达跑起来

现代战争中,空袭已成为一种主要的作战样式。被攻击一方的雷达往往成为拥有高技术手段的进攻方的首选打击目标。一旦雷达被毁,被攻击方纵然拥有先进的地空导弹、作战飞机,也是无力回天。因此,各国都在大力研究如何提高雷达战时的生存能力。其中,发展行进雷达,让陆基雷达跑起来,边机动边工作,成为一条有效的     

基于低速平台的随队支援干扰系统随队干扰能力分析

为了给受训对象提供电磁信号环境,在随队干扰信号从雷达天线主波束进入的限定条件下,设计了使用低速平台搭载干扰系统伴随高速战机实施随队干扰的编队方式,并仿真分析了对不同主瓣宽度雷达的随队干扰过程。结果表明,当平台速度明显低于突击飞机飞行速度时,存在最佳的初始进入距离以实现最大局部随队干扰过程。     

天线转台倾斜状态下雷达测高精度优化方法

分析了天线转台倾斜对三坐标雷达测高精度的影响,通过对测高误差进行量化分析,找准误差修正工作的重点和难点.经研究表明,测高误差主要是天线辐射波束仰角偏差引起,可通过对测高值的实时比对分析和对辐射波束仰角的实时调整,实现了测高误差修正.研究提出了针对天线转台倾斜引起的三坐标雷达测高误差的修正方案.     

相控阵天线波束的电子控制装置

引言最近十年来在雷达、通信及其他军用系统内越来越广泛地采用具有电控波束能力的相控阵天线。多数相控阵天线波束形成电路的不可缺少的组成部分是串接在每个辐射单元通道内的移相器。当控制信号加到移相器时,在天线出口便建立起所需要的微波信号的相位分布,这便使波束偏向给定的角度方向。     

高频雷达多波束最优天线方向图综合

在高频雷达中 ,多个部分重叠的波束被用来形成对预定空域的覆盖 ,而射频干扰和期望信号的空间结构之间的差异以及接收天线阵列的空间多样性则被用来抑制干扰以提高高频雷达的整体工作性能。然而如何在实时地形成多波束的同时有效地抑制射频干扰仍然是高频雷达一个急待解决的问题。基于最优天线方向图综合方法 ,通过主瓣形状保持和干扰抑制之间的合理折衷进一步提出了多波束形成算法。仿真结果表明该算法可以快速、灵活地形成多个波束来覆盖预定的空域 ,同时最大限度地抑制射频干扰 ,从而极大地提高了高频雷达的工作性能     

Terrorism,insurgency, kidnapping,and security in Africa's energy sector

Energy continues to serve as the bedrock of modern economies and the main driver of modern society. For Africa, the production and supply of energy resources such as crude oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, biomass, biofuels and other renewables are an important source of employment, rents, taxes, royalties and profits. This sector brings in several tens of billions of dollars of revenue annually. The production and delivery of such resources, however, depend on critical infrastructures such as pipelines, refineries, processing plants, terminals, rigs, electrical energy pylons, substations, pump stations, vessels, and tankers. These infrastructures have been attacked by terrorists, insurgents, vandals and saboteurs, all of whom see them as targets against which to register their grievances and extract concessions from the state. This paper is a chronological account of some of the documented incidents of terrorism, insurgency, kidnapping, destruction, sabotage, and human casualties suffered in the oil and gas sectors in Africa between 1999 and 2012. It is based on data extracted from the databases of the RAND Database of World Terrorism Incidents and the University of Maryland's Global Terrorism Database (GTD).     

Helping hands: civil–military cooperation and Italy's military operation abroad

In the Post-Bipolar Era the growing complexity of the military operations requires a new approach for the resolution of international crises. Since the end of the Cold War, peace support operations (PSO) have become the mainstay and principal occupation of most Western armies. At the same time, Italy has been one of the most important actors in such an area. The article focuses on the cooperation between military and civil components (a process called CIMIC) as a key variable in the Italian PSOs. We will analyse in detail the main lessons learned from past military interventions as well as the general context in which new tendencies are taking place. The maintaining of a minimum security frame becomes essential to fulfil activities ‘collateral’ to the mission: reconstructing services and infrastructure, food distribution, water and medication, law and order, de-mining, training of local forces, and supporting local institutions. These are the main tasks to obtain thrust and support from the population.     

Tacit support for terrorism: The rapprochement between the USSR and Palestinian guerrilla organizations following the 1967 war

This article demonstrates the inconsistent and wavering Soviet attitude towards national liberation movements in general and the Palestinian organizations in particular. Until the late 1960s, the Soviets viewed these organizations with suspicion, hesitating to engage in political dialogue with them. However, in the 1970s, political and military events in the region, as well as modifications in the Kremlin's Cold War strategies, led to a general shift towards the Middle East in Soviet foreign policy. Soviet leaders showed increased willingness to provide certain Palestinian organizations with arms with which to conduct terrorist activities against Israeli, pro-Israeli, Jewish and Western targets. The article explores the complex relations between Palestinian organizations and the USSR in the field of international terror. The study also exposes and analyzes the nature and content of Soviet–Palestinian arms dialogues and transactions. It provides clear evidence that Soviet policymakers and other luminaries were fully informed of, and sometimes directly involved in, these transactions and dialogues at the highest levels.     

A1 Qaeda and the radical Islamic challenge to western strategy

The September 11 global crisis prompted by the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon raises major questions concerning the nature and trajectory of terrorism in the post-Cold War global order. Hitherto, terrorism has been largely debated by analysts at the level of nation states. Terrorist and insurgent movements have also been largely anchored in nationalist and ethnic power bases even when they have sought to mobilise a transnational ideological appeal on religious or class grounds. There have been a few exceptions to this pattern such as the alliance between the German Baader-Meinhof group and the Japanese Red Army Faction, but even such international alliances as this did not, until at least the 1980s, presage anything like a global terrorist network necessitating a global strategic response. This study examines terrorism and global strategic responses.     

Helping hands: external support for the KNU insurgency in Burma

This article analyses to what extent the Burmese KNU insurgency made use of external support from states, refugees, and diasporas. Based on extensive fieldwork it is concluded that support from neighbouring states and refugees has for years kept the Karen rebellion alive. Western countries perceived forms of resistance to the illegitimate Burmese regime as just and have therefore played a crucial role in the continuation of conflict in Karen State. It is important that policymakers and donors as well as executing organizations continue to reflect critically on the way they exercise their work.     

基于GTST-DMLD-ESD的装备RMS建模仿真

装备的RMS是装备的重要设计参数,是影响战备完好和保障能力的关键因素.引入GTST-DMLD作为主要建模工具,建立起装备系统的RMS描述模型,以ESD为补充和扩展,对维修过程进行建模.并以GTST-DMLD-ESD模型作为装备RMS仿真的核心,对装备RMS仿真模型的总体框架进行了研究,并对各模块进行了较为详细的探讨.     

Cyber sheiks and grassroots jihadis: the war in Syria and the devolution of the Bosnian Salafi communities

ABSTRACT

What was the scope of the Bosnian jihadi participation in the war in Syria? Did the Bosnian volunteers tend to join one particular faction? Why did the Bosnian youngsters decide to join the holy war in the Levant? Was this an organized and hierarchical process or was this a grassroots movement? Last, were all the Salafis in Bosnia supportive of this dynamic or did this process cause internal frictions? These are some of the questions that this research will try to answer.     

The UK,interrogation and Iraq, 2003–2008

The UK’s interrogation operations during the conflict in Iraq (2003–2008) are often portrayed by the media as involving significant amounts of mistreatment. This article demonstrates that these practices are not necessarily representative of the UK’s interrogation operations across this conflict. In doing so it contributes to the limited literature on the practice of interrogation and on the UK’s combat operations in Iraq. The UK’s interrogation capability, and therefore its intelligence-gathering capability, is shown to have rested primarily with the military’s Joint Forward Interrogation Team (JFIT). The JFIT suffered from limitations to the number, training and experience of its interrogators and interpreters. It is argued that maintaining a permanent, higher level of preparedness for interrogation by the British armed forces is desirable.     

Remembering and forgetting Mirambo: Histories of war in modern Africa

ABSTRACT

While the study of organised violence is considered essential to understanding the history of the West, and accordingly imbued with various layers of meaning and remembrance, war is widely regarded as inimical to the modern nation in Africa and stable development more broadly. Using examples drawn from primarily from East Africa, this paper considers the ways in which warfare in the deeper (‘precolonial’) past has been framed and envisioned in recent decades, in particular by governments whose own roots lie in revolutionary armed struggle and who began life as guerrilla movements. While in some cases particular elements of the deeper past were indeed mobilised in pursuit of contemporary political goals, in many other scenarios histories of precolonial violence were beheld as problematic and unworthy of remembrance. This paper highlights the paradox and ambiguity which has attended the memory of key aspects of Africa’s deeper past.