临近空间拦截弹最优弹道跟踪制导律

针对拦截临近空间高超声速飞行器的弹道跟踪过程,基于线性二次型调节器理论和高斯伪谱法设计一种跟踪制导律。为了对标称弹道进行精确跟踪,考虑线性二次型跟踪问题,应用最优控制理论推导最优解的充要条件,得到带时变增益的线性状态反馈控制量的表达式;基于高斯伪谱法,在离散的勒让德-高斯点上利用标称弹道数据计算差分矩阵和系数矩阵,求得状态扰动反馈控制律。仿真结果表明,与基于求解矩阵黎卡提方程的方法相比,该方法选取较少的节点即可获得高精度的反馈控制量,且运算效率大幅提高,满足在线实施要求。     

高超声速再入轨迹跟踪控制的微分变换方法

针对多约束条件下高超声速飞行器再入制导问题,提出一种基于微分变换法求解最优反馈控制的全状态标准轨迹跟踪制导律。利用滚动时域控制方法设计易于在线执行的闭环跟踪制导策略,在每个制导周期内将标准轨迹跟踪问题转化为线性时变系统状态调节器问题,并通过最优控制理论进一步转化为两点边值问题,采用微分变换法进行求解获得最优反馈控制律。数值仿真表明微分变换法的引入有效解决了传统两点边值问题求解的数值不稳定性与耗时问题,所设计的闭环制导律对状态偏差与模型不确定性具有较强的鲁棒性,可为工程设计提供有益参考。     

高斯伪谱法在变推力导弹弹道优化中的应用

为实现对可变推力固体火箭发动机推进剂的充分利用,以近程导弹拦截目标为特定研究场景,在推进剂质量给定的情况下采用Gauss伪谱法进行弹道优化设计。该方法采用变推力控制,选用固体火箭发动机实现推力可调,由比例导引给出制导指令,研究Gauss伪谱法在变推力导弹弹道优化中的应用方法,最终得到目标函数及约束条件下的比例导引变推力优化方案。仿真结果表明了高斯伪谱法应用于可变推力导弹弹道优化设计的有效性,同时与传统发动机方案下的弹道进行对比,表明了变推力控制在导弹弹道性能上的优越性。     

一种基于BLUE的弹道目标跟踪滤波器

弹道目标跟踪问题中动态方程与观测方程皆为非线性,影响跟踪精度。使用最优线性无偏估计方法可以有效地解决观测的非线性问题,而蒙特卡罗滤波方法适用于目标状态的非线性估计。将快速高斯粒子滤波与最优线性估计方法作了有机结合,通过对典型的弹道目标跟踪模型进行仿真,发现新算法在精度与实时性上优于粒子滤波。     

无尾舵布局超空泡航行体弹道优化设计

给出了无尾舵布局超空泡航行体在纵垂面内的受力分析及运动方程,建立了变深度机动最优轨迹问题的数学模型。针对空泡扩张与收缩带来的延时效应,提出改进的延时型高斯伪谱法,利用所有高斯节点的运动状态插值获得整个运动过程的状态量,由此得到各个时刻的实时超空泡航行微分方程。通过计算各节点处运动方程约束,对其变深度机动轨迹进行数值求解,得到相应的优化弹道结果及控制策略。对给定布局方案的超空泡航行体下潜机动最优弹道问题进行求解,计算结果表明,采用空化器偏转控制策略,无尾舵布局超空泡航行体可满足运动稳定性与机动性要求,所提出的延时型高斯伪谱法能够处理超空泡航行弹道优化中的延时效应,具有较好的快速收敛性。     

滑翔导弹再入拉起段弹道优化设计与制导

对滑翔导弹再入弹道进行了分段,根据再入拉起段的特性建立了弹道优化设计模型,认为导弹在再入拉起段弹道终点时应处于纵向力平衡状态,使用Gauss伪谱法进行了再入拉起段的能量最优弹道优化计算;利用基于伪谱法优化的弹道在线生成,实时产生控制指令,实现了再入拉起段的闭环弹道控制.仿真结果表明,Gauss伪谱法弹道优化具有精度高、计算时间短等特点,闭环弹道控制能较好地消除风、再入参数偏差等干扰的影响,具有应用于在线制导的潜力.     

基于反馈线性化及滑模控制的俯冲机动制导方法

以高超声速飞行器为研究对象,针对俯冲段精确制导及机动突防问题,基于反馈线性化与滑模控制研究了机动突防滑模跟踪制导方法。首先设计纵向俯冲及侧向机动弹道,其次利用反馈线性化将非线性运动方程转化为线性方程,基于该线性方程利用滑模控制对已设计的弹道进行跟踪,最终将线性跟踪制导律转换到非线性系统中获得非线性滑模跟踪制导律,该制导律完全基于飞行器当前运动状态,所需的相对运动信息大大减少。CAV-H飞行器制导实例仿真表明,该方法能够实现俯冲段精确制导及机动飞行,且对初始及过程偏差具有较强的鲁棒性,能够为高超声速飞行器俯冲段制导提供有益参考。     

基于路径规划的敏捷卫星姿态机动反馈控制方法

为了避免奇异状态,单框架控制力矩陀螺(SGCMG)操纵律要求框架角进行快速转动,需要消耗较多的能量,并会对SGCMG和卫星系统带来一系列潜在危害。针对该问题,提出基于路径规划和反馈控制相结合的姿态机动控制方法。根据固定时间姿态机动的任务需求,以能量为优化指标,采用伪谱法优化机动路径并回避奇异状态;将最优控制量作为参考数输入,并利用基于系统限制状态的反馈控制方法消除不确定性和扰动的影响。反馈控制基于名义输入进行数值积分得到的预测状态量,并与期望终端状态比较形成控制误差信号。该方法将卫星和SGCMG作为整体规划姿态运动,能够有效避免奇异状态。结合工程实际,在闭环控制仿真中考虑了卫星角速度和SGCMG框架角的初始偏差。仿真结果表明:本文算法能够有限避免奇异状态,且能消除初始姿态角速度和框架角不确定的影响。     

基于非线性最优反馈控制的远程拦截闭环制导

利用非线性最优反馈控制和伪谱轨迹快速重构技术,设计了一种有限推力空间远程拦截自适应闭环制导方法。首先建立了有限推力远程拦截最优制导问题模型,并给出了适用于该问题的非线性最优反馈控制求解原理。然后,将空间变轨动力学模型特点和伪谱法相结合,设计了基于状态量缩减的计算效率改进策略以提高轨迹优化的实时性。基于改进伪谱法进行连续轨迹快速重构,利用开环最优解形成闭环反馈,从而保证制导指令的实时更新,并通过引入控制逻辑对制导算法进行改进。时间最短远程拦截仿真表明,该闭环制导方法在保证任务指标最优性的同时,可以有效抑制J2摄动和计算误差的影响,具有较高的制导精度、自适应性和鲁棒性。     

垂发超近程导弹弹道优化设计

垂发超近程导弹弹道优化设计是通过设计飞行攻角和发动机推力参数使得导弹性能指标达到最优或次优。针对超近程导弹垂直发射的特点给出发动机推力的分段准则,设计导弹初始飞行状态、飞行过程状态和终端弹道状态参数等约束条件,建立导弹运动学模型和多约束条件下弹道优化模型。基于hp-伪谱法将弹道优化问题转变成非线性规划问题。最后将优化方案所得的结果和遗传算法的优化结果进行对比分析验证优化方案的合理性。仿真结果表明可为垂发超近程导弹弹道设计提供参考。     

An Unlikely Alliance: Portuguese and South African Airpower in Angola, 1968–1974

The war that Portugal was obliged to fight in Africa began in 1961 and immediately stretched the resources of its armed forces. Nowhere was this thinness more apparent than in policing the vast territory of Angola. The east and southeast of Angola were particularly vulnerable, as the area was a vast, sparsely populated region characterised by enormous featureless plains or chanas covered in tall grass and broken by an extensive river system and mountainous forests. The only military solution to policing these immense spaces was aviation and specifically the helicopter that could carry troops into battle, protect them with a gunship and bring them home when the operation was concluded. The immediate problem for the Portuguese Air Force (Força Aérea Portuguesa or FAP) in Angola and elsewhere was a scarcity of helicopters. The solution was an alliance with South Africa, which had a strong inventory of Alouette IIIs, to help in policing the east. This move was likewise in the interest of South Africa, as its threat came from Zambia through south-eastern Angola. This article examines the strategic and tactical development of this unusual, cross-cultural alliance and the symbiotic relationship that resulted in destruction of the enemies of both in Angola.     

Helping hands: civil–military cooperation and Italy's military operation abroad

In the Post-Bipolar Era the growing complexity of the military operations requires a new approach for the resolution of international crises. Since the end of the Cold War, peace support operations (PSO) have become the mainstay and principal occupation of most Western armies. At the same time, Italy has been one of the most important actors in such an area. The article focuses on the cooperation between military and civil components (a process called CIMIC) as a key variable in the Italian PSOs. We will analyse in detail the main lessons learned from past military interventions as well as the general context in which new tendencies are taking place. The maintaining of a minimum security frame becomes essential to fulfil activities ‘collateral’ to the mission: reconstructing services and infrastructure, food distribution, water and medication, law and order, de-mining, training of local forces, and supporting local institutions. These are the main tasks to obtain thrust and support from the population.     

Terrorism,insurgency, kidnapping,and security in Africa's energy sector

Energy continues to serve as the bedrock of modern economies and the main driver of modern society. For Africa, the production and supply of energy resources such as crude oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, biomass, biofuels and other renewables are an important source of employment, rents, taxes, royalties and profits. This sector brings in several tens of billions of dollars of revenue annually. The production and delivery of such resources, however, depend on critical infrastructures such as pipelines, refineries, processing plants, terminals, rigs, electrical energy pylons, substations, pump stations, vessels, and tankers. These infrastructures have been attacked by terrorists, insurgents, vandals and saboteurs, all of whom see them as targets against which to register their grievances and extract concessions from the state. This paper is a chronological account of some of the documented incidents of terrorism, insurgency, kidnapping, destruction, sabotage, and human casualties suffered in the oil and gas sectors in Africa between 1999 and 2012. It is based on data extracted from the databases of the RAND Database of World Terrorism Incidents and the University of Maryland's Global Terrorism Database (GTD).     

国内外结构钢焊条研究的现状与发展

本文主要介绍了国外焊条的现状和发展趋势,包括焊条的高韧性、高效率、低尘低毒和耐吸潮性能,为国内的焊条研究提供了参考依据。     

A Sign of Victory?: ‘Scottish Swords’ and Other Weapons in the Possession of the ‘Auld Innemie’

Many late medieval documents, notably inventories of arms and armour, of Englishmen contain references to ‘Scottish swords’ and other weapons. What did the compilers of these documents mean when they described a weapon as ‘Scottish’? How did such weapons come to be in the possession of these men? This article will attempt to explain this phenomenon drawing on primary documentary sources and surviving material culture from Glasgow Museums’ collections and others, as well as artworks from the period.     

Tacit support for terrorism: The rapprochement between the USSR and Palestinian guerrilla organizations following the 1967 war

This article demonstrates the inconsistent and wavering Soviet attitude towards national liberation movements in general and the Palestinian organizations in particular. Until the late 1960s, the Soviets viewed these organizations with suspicion, hesitating to engage in political dialogue with them. However, in the 1970s, political and military events in the region, as well as modifications in the Kremlin's Cold War strategies, led to a general shift towards the Middle East in Soviet foreign policy. Soviet leaders showed increased willingness to provide certain Palestinian organizations with arms with which to conduct terrorist activities against Israeli, pro-Israeli, Jewish and Western targets. The article explores the complex relations between Palestinian organizations and the USSR in the field of international terror. The study also exposes and analyzes the nature and content of Soviet–Palestinian arms dialogues and transactions. It provides clear evidence that Soviet policymakers and other luminaries were fully informed of, and sometimes directly involved in, these transactions and dialogues at the highest levels.     

A1 Qaeda and the radical Islamic challenge to western strategy

The September 11 global crisis prompted by the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon raises major questions concerning the nature and trajectory of terrorism in the post-Cold War global order. Hitherto, terrorism has been largely debated by analysts at the level of nation states. Terrorist and insurgent movements have also been largely anchored in nationalist and ethnic power bases even when they have sought to mobilise a transnational ideological appeal on religious or class grounds. There have been a few exceptions to this pattern such as the alliance between the German Baader-Meinhof group and the Japanese Red Army Faction, but even such international alliances as this did not, until at least the 1980s, presage anything like a global terrorist network necessitating a global strategic response. This study examines terrorism and global strategic responses.     

Helping hands: external support for the KNU insurgency in Burma

This article analyses to what extent the Burmese KNU insurgency made use of external support from states, refugees, and diasporas. Based on extensive fieldwork it is concluded that support from neighbouring states and refugees has for years kept the Karen rebellion alive. Western countries perceived forms of resistance to the illegitimate Burmese regime as just and have therefore played a crucial role in the continuation of conflict in Karen State. It is important that policymakers and donors as well as executing organizations continue to reflect critically on the way they exercise their work.     

Cyberpower in Strategic Affairs: Neither Unthinkable nor Blessed

Abstract

This article explores the effect of connectivity on strategic affairs. It argues that the effect on war's character is potentially, although not yet shown in practice, considerably large. Its effect upon the distribution of power among states in the international system is small, contrary to the claims of ‘cyberwar’ alarmists. All told, however, its effect upon strategic affairs is complex. On the one hand, it represents a significant advance in the ‘complexification’ of state strategies, understood in the sense of the production of intended effects. On the other hand, strategists today – still predominantly concerned with the conflicts and confrontations of states and organised military power – are generally missing the power which non-traditional strategic actors, better adapted to the network flows of the information age, are beginning to deploy. These new forms of organization and coercion will challenge the status quo.