材料随机梁的有限元分析

提出一种以柔度为基础的具有随机刚度弯曲梁的有限元公式。在计算过程中 ,用与刚度均值有关的内力近似表示未知内力值。通过蒙特卡罗模拟可示出刚度的一维可靠性密度函数和相关函数 ,可用来估算柔度的均值和协方差函数。最后根据新的公式计算出随机梁的均值和协方差。     

运动载体涡流磁场的磁变模拟方法

从基本定理楞次定律出发,对运动载体涡流磁场的磁变模拟方法进行了严格的论证并推导得到不同情况下的磁变模拟公式。针对形式复杂的磁变模拟函数在涡流磁场数值计算和测量等研究可能带来的问题,提出采用级数分解的方法对一般磁变模拟函数进行处理。两个磁变模拟函数级数分解结果表明:合理地选择级数分解的截断项数时,级数分解结果可较好地逼近磁变模拟函数,为磁变模拟方法应用载体涡流磁场的相关研究拓宽了思路。     

聚溴化苯乙烯阻燃聚乙烯热解动力学研究

用聚溴化苯乙烯作为阻燃剂，制备了阻燃聚乙烯（PE），利用TG方法研究了PE和阻燃PE在氮气气氛下的热解动力学行为，并用改进的非等温动力学方法研究了其热解动力学。结果表明，加入阻燃剂后材料的初始分解温度提前，阻燃材料的热解区间变宽，阻燃体系的平均失重速率下降，最大失重速率下降，主要分解阶段的残炭率高于未阻燃PE，聚溴化苯乙烯阻燃效果明显，可用于聚乙烯阻燃，说明大分子溴系阻燃剂具有较好的发展潜力。氮气气氛下未阻燃聚乙烯的热解过程只存在一个失重阶段，而阻燃材料在相同温度范围内呈现不同的失重阶段，且在各失重阶段其反应机理函数也发生变化；活化能、指前因子都有所不同，阻燃材料的活化能大于未阻燃材料，且活化能在整个失重阶段是随着温度和转化率的变化而变化的，说明阻燃剂的加入改变了材料的热解行为。     

误差函数与炮兵简化拉普拉斯函数计算

给出了误差函数与炮兵简化拉普拉斯函数的关系,分析了误差函数各种计算方法如级数展开法、不完全伽马函数法和近似计算公式的优缺点,讨论了用误差函数计算公式进行炮兵简化拉普拉斯函数计算的方法,最后通过误差函数导出了炮兵拉普拉斯函数一个新的近似公式。     

竖直狭缝内泡沫材料火蔓延的数值模拟研究

用FDS软件对泡沫材料在竖直狭缝内的火蔓延进行模拟计算。计算结果表明竖直火蔓延速度在狭缝宽度为6 cm时最大,而4 cm和8 cm情况下大约相同。对不同时刻壁面火焰的高度数据进行线性拟合,得出狭缝内泡沫层燃烧的火焰高度和单位宽度热释放速率关系为幂次的函数关系,其形式和前人的结论公式基本相同。但是,由于狭缝的作用和点火源的形式不同而存在一个单位宽度热释放速率校正的参数b。同时,由于通风受限,相对于开放空间,狭缝空间内火焰的高度随热释放速率的增加增长较慢。     

自燃推进剂液体火箭发动机燃烧室设计简化模型

本文提出了一个自燃推进剂液体火箭发动机燃烧室设计简化模型。与 Priem 基本模型不同,本文考虑了燃料分解反应,液滴二次雾化以及燃烧室截面上混合比和流强的不均匀性对燃烧效率的影响。文中导出了计算所需的全部公式,提出了计算程序。应用本方法计算了 C 发动机的燃烧效率。计算效率与试验结果相当符合,其误差在1～5%以内。文中还给出了燃料总蒸发速率和单位长度上的蒸发速率随该发动机燃烧室轴向距离变化的曲线。曲线表明,分解反应,液滴二次雾化和液滴尺寸分布对蒸发速率的影响很大。最后讨论了本模型使用的条件。     

含能材料激光点火特征研究

对激光点燃含能材料的机理进行了理论分析 ,提出利用激光点燃含能材料时 ,材料表面温度变化计算方法 ;依据理论分析和试验结果 ,说明了激光密度、激光脉冲宽度对炸药材料点火温度影响特性。     

子弹均匀散布子母弹最有利火力分配方法

在将子弹均匀散布的椭圆区域等效转换为矩形区域的基础上,建立了适宽射向射击子母弹对矩形目标毁伤全概率计算的数学模型。通过函数转换和泛函分析给出了子弹均匀散布子母弹理想射击密度,得到了理想射击密度下对目标的毁伤概率计算公式。讨论了最有利火力分配方式的确定方法,给出了最优射向间隔和表尺差的计算公式,为便于实际应用,给出了最优火力分配计算中所需的3个参数的近似计算公式,最后给出了应用算例。     

过氧化环己酮储存过程中热失控危险性研究

研究了过氧化环己酮及其与溶液混合后的热分解动力学及实际包装条件下的自加速分解温度(SADT),利用差示扫描量热仪测试了过氧化环己酮及其与溶液混合后的热分解特征,得到不同升温速率下热流随时间的变化曲线,使用Friedman等转化率法对试验数据进行处理,得到了过氧化环己酮的分解反应活化能等动力学参数,并用绝热加速量热仪试验数据对动力学参数求解进行验证。推算了实际条件下达到最大温升速率时间为24 h的初始温度,基于可靠的动力学参数和有限元分析法计算了三种样品的SADT。结果表明过氧化环己酮热分解活化能随反应进程变化而变化,TMRad为24 h时的初始温度分别为53、71、66℃,实际包装条件下的SADT为37、61、56℃。     

树脂浸渍裂解对气相硅反应渗透C/SiC的影响

粘胶基碳纤维毡经过CVD工艺进行沉积碳增密处理后,采用酚醛树脂浸渍—裂解对C/C素坯的密度进行调节,通过气相硅渗透反应工艺制备了C/SiC复合材料。研究了树脂浸渍—裂解对C/C素坯密度和气孔率的影响规律,分析了树脂裂解碳对C/SiC显微形貌和力学性能的影响。结果表明:随着树脂浸渍—裂解循环次数的增加,素坯密度增加,孔隙率降低;裂解碳含量为27wt%时,C/SiC复合材料的强度和模量达到最大,分别为231MPa和209GPa。通过控制裂解碳含量,可以实现对C/SiC复合材料力学性能和微观结构的裁剪。     

An Unlikely Alliance: Portuguese and South African Airpower in Angola, 1968–1974

The war that Portugal was obliged to fight in Africa began in 1961 and immediately stretched the resources of its armed forces. Nowhere was this thinness more apparent than in policing the vast territory of Angola. The east and southeast of Angola were particularly vulnerable, as the area was a vast, sparsely populated region characterised by enormous featureless plains or chanas covered in tall grass and broken by an extensive river system and mountainous forests. The only military solution to policing these immense spaces was aviation and specifically the helicopter that could carry troops into battle, protect them with a gunship and bring them home when the operation was concluded. The immediate problem for the Portuguese Air Force (Força Aérea Portuguesa or FAP) in Angola and elsewhere was a scarcity of helicopters. The solution was an alliance with South Africa, which had a strong inventory of Alouette IIIs, to help in policing the east. This move was likewise in the interest of South Africa, as its threat came from Zambia through south-eastern Angola. This article examines the strategic and tactical development of this unusual, cross-cultural alliance and the symbiotic relationship that resulted in destruction of the enemies of both in Angola.     

Helping hands: civil–military cooperation and Italy's military operation abroad

In the Post-Bipolar Era the growing complexity of the military operations requires a new approach for the resolution of international crises. Since the end of the Cold War, peace support operations (PSO) have become the mainstay and principal occupation of most Western armies. At the same time, Italy has been one of the most important actors in such an area. The article focuses on the cooperation between military and civil components (a process called CIMIC) as a key variable in the Italian PSOs. We will analyse in detail the main lessons learned from past military interventions as well as the general context in which new tendencies are taking place. The maintaining of a minimum security frame becomes essential to fulfil activities ‘collateral’ to the mission: reconstructing services and infrastructure, food distribution, water and medication, law and order, de-mining, training of local forces, and supporting local institutions. These are the main tasks to obtain thrust and support from the population.     

Terrorism,insurgency, kidnapping,and security in Africa's energy sector

Energy continues to serve as the bedrock of modern economies and the main driver of modern society. For Africa, the production and supply of energy resources such as crude oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, biomass, biofuels and other renewables are an important source of employment, rents, taxes, royalties and profits. This sector brings in several tens of billions of dollars of revenue annually. The production and delivery of such resources, however, depend on critical infrastructures such as pipelines, refineries, processing plants, terminals, rigs, electrical energy pylons, substations, pump stations, vessels, and tankers. These infrastructures have been attacked by terrorists, insurgents, vandals and saboteurs, all of whom see them as targets against which to register their grievances and extract concessions from the state. This paper is a chronological account of some of the documented incidents of terrorism, insurgency, kidnapping, destruction, sabotage, and human casualties suffered in the oil and gas sectors in Africa between 1999 and 2012. It is based on data extracted from the databases of the RAND Database of World Terrorism Incidents and the University of Maryland's Global Terrorism Database (GTD).     

国内外结构钢焊条研究的现状与发展

本文主要介绍了国外焊条的现状和发展趋势,包括焊条的高韧性、高效率、低尘低毒和耐吸潮性能,为国内的焊条研究提供了参考依据。     

A Sign of Victory?: ‘Scottish Swords’ and Other Weapons in the Possession of the ‘Auld Innemie’

Many late medieval documents, notably inventories of arms and armour, of Englishmen contain references to ‘Scottish swords’ and other weapons. What did the compilers of these documents mean when they described a weapon as ‘Scottish’? How did such weapons come to be in the possession of these men? This article will attempt to explain this phenomenon drawing on primary documentary sources and surviving material culture from Glasgow Museums’ collections and others, as well as artworks from the period.     

Tacit support for terrorism: The rapprochement between the USSR and Palestinian guerrilla organizations following the 1967 war

This article demonstrates the inconsistent and wavering Soviet attitude towards national liberation movements in general and the Palestinian organizations in particular. Until the late 1960s, the Soviets viewed these organizations with suspicion, hesitating to engage in political dialogue with them. However, in the 1970s, political and military events in the region, as well as modifications in the Kremlin's Cold War strategies, led to a general shift towards the Middle East in Soviet foreign policy. Soviet leaders showed increased willingness to provide certain Palestinian organizations with arms with which to conduct terrorist activities against Israeli, pro-Israeli, Jewish and Western targets. The article explores the complex relations between Palestinian organizations and the USSR in the field of international terror. The study also exposes and analyzes the nature and content of Soviet–Palestinian arms dialogues and transactions. It provides clear evidence that Soviet policymakers and other luminaries were fully informed of, and sometimes directly involved in, these transactions and dialogues at the highest levels.     

A1 Qaeda and the radical Islamic challenge to western strategy

The September 11 global crisis prompted by the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon raises major questions concerning the nature and trajectory of terrorism in the post-Cold War global order. Hitherto, terrorism has been largely debated by analysts at the level of nation states. Terrorist and insurgent movements have also been largely anchored in nationalist and ethnic power bases even when they have sought to mobilise a transnational ideological appeal on religious or class grounds. There have been a few exceptions to this pattern such as the alliance between the German Baader-Meinhof group and the Japanese Red Army Faction, but even such international alliances as this did not, until at least the 1980s, presage anything like a global terrorist network necessitating a global strategic response. This study examines terrorism and global strategic responses.     

Helping hands: external support for the KNU insurgency in Burma

This article analyses to what extent the Burmese KNU insurgency made use of external support from states, refugees, and diasporas. Based on extensive fieldwork it is concluded that support from neighbouring states and refugees has for years kept the Karen rebellion alive. Western countries perceived forms of resistance to the illegitimate Burmese regime as just and have therefore played a crucial role in the continuation of conflict in Karen State. It is important that policymakers and donors as well as executing organizations continue to reflect critically on the way they exercise their work.     

Cyberpower in Strategic Affairs: Neither Unthinkable nor Blessed

Abstract

This article explores the effect of connectivity on strategic affairs. It argues that the effect on war's character is potentially, although not yet shown in practice, considerably large. Its effect upon the distribution of power among states in the international system is small, contrary to the claims of ‘cyberwar’ alarmists. All told, however, its effect upon strategic affairs is complex. On the one hand, it represents a significant advance in the ‘complexification’ of state strategies, understood in the sense of the production of intended effects. On the other hand, strategists today – still predominantly concerned with the conflicts and confrontations of states and organised military power – are generally missing the power which non-traditional strategic actors, better adapted to the network flows of the information age, are beginning to deploy. These new forms of organization and coercion will challenge the status quo.