应用电弧喷涂技术治理舰船钢结构腐蚀

本文论述了舰船钢结构的腐蚀机理,腐蚀特点及影响因素.指出电弧喷涂铝复合涂层能够长期有效地对舰船钢结构进行腐蚀保护,延长舰船钢结构的使用寿命,这是其它任何腐蚀防护技术都难以实现的.电弧喷涂铝复合涂层的具体涂层设计是:电弧喷涂铝金属涂层十有机封闭涂料涂层十常规舰船面层涂料涂层.     

舰船自然腐蚀时腐蚀相关电场场源等效方法研究

为解决舰船腐蚀相关电场场源等效问题,从产生机理出发,根据实际舰船结构、海洋环境等条件,提出了舰船自然腐蚀时腐蚀相关电场场源的具体等效方法。该方法的基本场源为沿一定方向放置的异种金属对,并按一定方法将其等效为电偶极子或电流线。在实验室条件下,模拟海洋环境和舰船自然腐蚀时的基本场源,对该场源等效方法的正确性进行验证,验证过程中特别考虑到水域周边岸壁边界的影响。结果表明:所提出的场源等效方法是正确的,可用于对舰船自然腐蚀时水下腐蚀相关电场的分布特点进行预估,也可为舰船水下电场的其他应用提供理论依据。     

复合材料修复损伤钢板抗盐雾腐蚀疲劳实验

复合材料修补舰船钢结构的抗海洋环境能力是衡量修补效果的一个重要指标,选择舰艇应用最迫切的"盐雾腐蚀"作为海洋环境的初步试验,依据GJB150.11-1986《军用设备环境试验方法.盐雾试验》,对边裂纹直条试样进行修补后腐蚀试验;根据GB3075-1982《金属材料.室温疲劳试验方法》对复合材料修补舰船钢结构进行了腐蚀后疲劳试验研究。结果表明:复合材料微波修复舰船结构具有足够抗大气影响能力,完全可以在舰艇结构损伤抢修中推广应用。     

海水电导率对舰船电场等效场源强度影响的实验研究

为掌握海水电导率对舰船水下腐蚀相关电场等效场源强度的影响,首先在实验室中模拟舰船船壳、螺旋桨、海洋环境、外加电流阴极保护系统,并通过外加电流使防护对象处于恒定保护电位;然后,在模拟船壳的不同涂层状态下改变海水电导率,分别测量流至船壳、螺旋桨的防腐电流及总的保护电流;最后,对测量结果进行了分析。结果表明:舰船腐蚀相关静态电场等效场源强度是近似正比于海水电导率的。实验研究结果为舰船腐蚀相关电场等效场源的确定及场的推演换算奠定了基础。     

温度对舰船阴极保护和腐蚀静电场的影响

海水中氧溶解量和海水电导率是影响海水腐蚀性能的重要因素，而这两个因素主要取决于海水的盐度和温度。采用边界元法建立舰船外加电流阴极保护和腐蚀静电场模型，研究不同海水温度下氧溶解量、电导率及氧的扩散系数对舰船腐蚀防腐静电场的影响。结果表明，腐蚀电场峰值随着温度的升高而减小，当两对阳极输出电流分别为13.5 A和8 A时，船体和舵在低温处于过保护状态而在高温处于欠保护状态，螺旋桨和轴在不同温度下均能得到较好的保护。     

水下物体对船舶电场的扰动分析

讨论了海洋船舶腐蚀引起的静电场的基本模型,对GalvanicSystem电场在水中兵器、电场测量体等实体附近可能产生的电场畸变进行了分析计算.理论计算表明:雷体等水下实体对电场的扰动的大小主要取决于雷体与舰船的距离、雷体材料的电阻率、雷体的尺寸.当距离大于10m时,其引起的电场畸变的相对变化率小于2%,由此得出了利用舰船电场远场作为启动信号时可以不考虑电场扰动的结论.     

静水压力交变对高强度船体钢腐蚀行为的影响

采用管形薄壁试样模拟密封结构,通过管形试样的应力状态计算、管形试样和相同尺寸实心圆柱试样的对比腐蚀实验,研究了静水压力交替变化对高强度船体钢在质量百分数为3.5%NaCl溶液中腐蚀行为的影响。结果表明:静水压力交替变化引起的溶液中溶解氧变化影响了高压时的电化学过程以及金属表面形成的腐蚀产物,可降低恢复到常压后的金属的腐蚀速度;静水压力交替变化引起了管形薄壁试样表面的应力、应变变化,高压时试样表面的应力增大可明显促进金属的腐蚀,另外,应力、应变的交替变化改变了金属/腐蚀产物的界面性能,显著促进了金属在常压时的腐蚀。在4 MPa静水压力下,管形试样管壁表面产生30.5～34.5MPa的压应力,静水压力交替变化可使金属腐蚀速度增大20%以上。     

Amorphotheca resinae对喷气燃料影响试验研究

在一组油-水体系中接种喷气燃料特征真菌Amorphotheca resinae进行培养,另一组油-水体系作为空白对照,研究Amorphotheca resinae大量繁殖后对喷气燃料理化性能的影响。试验表明:喷气燃料的外观、颗粒度、水分离指数、酸值等受Amorphotheca resinae影响明显,密度、水反应、闪点、冰点等受影响较小。同时,该真菌的存在加剧了油罐的腐蚀,特别是界面生物膜的腐蚀更为严重。     

基于AHP的舰船大风浪中航行安全评价

舰船在大风浪中航行的风险是一个比较重要的研究领域,其风险程度很难用量化进行评估.为了更好地方便研究,并为以后的研究奠定理论基础,采用了层次分析法,建立舰船在大风浪中航行的安全评价体系,同时构造了判断矩阵,并进行了层次单排序一致性检验,求出了每个影响舰船航行安全因素的权重,并通过实例进行解算,得出结果和实际情况相比大致相似.此方法可以较好地对舰船在大风浪中航行的安全进行直观的描述,可供舰船长用来掌握舰船航行的风险情况,进而进行有效的风险决策.     

考虑腐蚀因素的船体结构寿命预测方法

为建立考虑腐蚀因素的船体结构寿命预测方法,在分析现有常用的船体结构腐蚀损伤时变模型的基础上,根据舰船维修保障实际情况建立了考虑腐蚀防护系统作用时间和维修时间等因素的腐蚀时变模型。根据相关规范选择了船体结构腐蚀寿命标准,并建立了一种计算船体结构腐蚀寿命的方法。该方法建立了船体结构腐蚀寿命与腐蚀防护系统作用时间和修理时间等因素之间的量化关系,可以用于预测均匀腐蚀条件下船体结构寿命,也可以反过来指导腐蚀防护系统设计指标的选择和船体结构维修策略的确定。     

An Unlikely Alliance: Portuguese and South African Airpower in Angola, 1968–1974

The war that Portugal was obliged to fight in Africa began in 1961 and immediately stretched the resources of its armed forces. Nowhere was this thinness more apparent than in policing the vast territory of Angola. The east and southeast of Angola were particularly vulnerable, as the area was a vast, sparsely populated region characterised by enormous featureless plains or chanas covered in tall grass and broken by an extensive river system and mountainous forests. The only military solution to policing these immense spaces was aviation and specifically the helicopter that could carry troops into battle, protect them with a gunship and bring them home when the operation was concluded. The immediate problem for the Portuguese Air Force (Força Aérea Portuguesa or FAP) in Angola and elsewhere was a scarcity of helicopters. The solution was an alliance with South Africa, which had a strong inventory of Alouette IIIs, to help in policing the east. This move was likewise in the interest of South Africa, as its threat came from Zambia through south-eastern Angola. This article examines the strategic and tactical development of this unusual, cross-cultural alliance and the symbiotic relationship that resulted in destruction of the enemies of both in Angola.     

国内外结构钢焊条研究的现状与发展

本文主要介绍了国外焊条的现状和发展趋势,包括焊条的高韧性、高效率、低尘低毒和耐吸潮性能,为国内的焊条研究提供了参考依据。     

A Sign of Victory?: ‘Scottish Swords’ and Other Weapons in the Possession of the ‘Auld Innemie’

Many late medieval documents, notably inventories of arms and armour, of Englishmen contain references to ‘Scottish swords’ and other weapons. What did the compilers of these documents mean when they described a weapon as ‘Scottish’? How did such weapons come to be in the possession of these men? This article will attempt to explain this phenomenon drawing on primary documentary sources and surviving material culture from Glasgow Museums’ collections and others, as well as artworks from the period.     

Helping hands: civil–military cooperation and Italy's military operation abroad

In the Post-Bipolar Era the growing complexity of the military operations requires a new approach for the resolution of international crises. Since the end of the Cold War, peace support operations (PSO) have become the mainstay and principal occupation of most Western armies. At the same time, Italy has been one of the most important actors in such an area. The article focuses on the cooperation between military and civil components (a process called CIMIC) as a key variable in the Italian PSOs. We will analyse in detail the main lessons learned from past military interventions as well as the general context in which new tendencies are taking place. The maintaining of a minimum security frame becomes essential to fulfil activities ‘collateral’ to the mission: reconstructing services and infrastructure, food distribution, water and medication, law and order, de-mining, training of local forces, and supporting local institutions. These are the main tasks to obtain thrust and support from the population.     

Terrorism,insurgency, kidnapping,and security in Africa's energy sector

Energy continues to serve as the bedrock of modern economies and the main driver of modern society. For Africa, the production and supply of energy resources such as crude oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, biomass, biofuels and other renewables are an important source of employment, rents, taxes, royalties and profits. This sector brings in several tens of billions of dollars of revenue annually. The production and delivery of such resources, however, depend on critical infrastructures such as pipelines, refineries, processing plants, terminals, rigs, electrical energy pylons, substations, pump stations, vessels, and tankers. These infrastructures have been attacked by terrorists, insurgents, vandals and saboteurs, all of whom see them as targets against which to register their grievances and extract concessions from the state. This paper is a chronological account of some of the documented incidents of terrorism, insurgency, kidnapping, destruction, sabotage, and human casualties suffered in the oil and gas sectors in Africa between 1999 and 2012. It is based on data extracted from the databases of the RAND Database of World Terrorism Incidents and the University of Maryland's Global Terrorism Database (GTD).     

Cyberpower in Strategic Affairs: Neither Unthinkable nor Blessed

Abstract

This article explores the effect of connectivity on strategic affairs. It argues that the effect on war's character is potentially, although not yet shown in practice, considerably large. Its effect upon the distribution of power among states in the international system is small, contrary to the claims of ‘cyberwar’ alarmists. All told, however, its effect upon strategic affairs is complex. On the one hand, it represents a significant advance in the ‘complexification’ of state strategies, understood in the sense of the production of intended effects. On the other hand, strategists today – still predominantly concerned with the conflicts and confrontations of states and organised military power – are generally missing the power which non-traditional strategic actors, better adapted to the network flows of the information age, are beginning to deploy. These new forms of organization and coercion will challenge the status quo.     

Tacit support for terrorism: The rapprochement between the USSR and Palestinian guerrilla organizations following the 1967 war

This article demonstrates the inconsistent and wavering Soviet attitude towards national liberation movements in general and the Palestinian organizations in particular. Until the late 1960s, the Soviets viewed these organizations with suspicion, hesitating to engage in political dialogue with them. However, in the 1970s, political and military events in the region, as well as modifications in the Kremlin's Cold War strategies, led to a general shift towards the Middle East in Soviet foreign policy. Soviet leaders showed increased willingness to provide certain Palestinian organizations with arms with which to conduct terrorist activities against Israeli, pro-Israeli, Jewish and Western targets. The article explores the complex relations between Palestinian organizations and the USSR in the field of international terror. The study also exposes and analyzes the nature and content of Soviet–Palestinian arms dialogues and transactions. It provides clear evidence that Soviet policymakers and other luminaries were fully informed of, and sometimes directly involved in, these transactions and dialogues at the highest levels.     

A1 Qaeda and the radical Islamic challenge to western strategy

The September 11 global crisis prompted by the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon raises major questions concerning the nature and trajectory of terrorism in the post-Cold War global order. Hitherto, terrorism has been largely debated by analysts at the level of nation states. Terrorist and insurgent movements have also been largely anchored in nationalist and ethnic power bases even when they have sought to mobilise a transnational ideological appeal on religious or class grounds. There have been a few exceptions to this pattern such as the alliance between the German Baader-Meinhof group and the Japanese Red Army Faction, but even such international alliances as this did not, until at least the 1980s, presage anything like a global terrorist network necessitating a global strategic response. This study examines terrorism and global strategic responses.