4D打印现状及未来发展动向

与传统的制造方式相比,4D打印除了拥有3D打印的一些主要优势外,还具备很多其他重要特性。在概括4D打印的特点和优势的基础上,阐述了4D打印的研究发展现状,探讨它目前存在的主要问题,并从打印材料、设计软件和打印机等三个方面,分析和评估4D打印未来的发展动向。研究表明,4D打印的未来发展,需要开发合适的新型材料,特别是智能复合材料,研发具有良好适应性的计算机编程设计软件,制造专用的4D打印机。     

3D打印技术对武器装备发展的影响

3D打印在三维结构的快速和自由制造方面具有显著的优势,广泛应用于小批量制造和复杂设备的制造,在武器装备研制、制造和维修等方面具有广泛的应用前景,已成为世界军事强国关注和争夺的焦点。文章全面梳理了3D打印技术发展及军事应用现状,深入研究了3D打印技术对武器装备发展的影响。     

空天飞机研究及我国发展对策分析

3D打印在三维结构的快速和自由制造方面具有显著的优势,广泛应用于小批量制造和复杂设备的制造,在武器装备研制、制造和维修等方面具有广泛的应用前景,已成为世界军事强国关注和争夺的焦点。文章全面梳理了3D打印技术发展及军事应用现状,深入研究了3D打印技术对武器装备发展的影响。     

可移植人体外耳支架的3D打印关键技术

探索使用医用硅胶制作患者个体外耳支架的关键技术,使用计算机断层扫描和逆向建模技术得到对应患者个体的外耳数字模型,利用3D打印技术制造人体外耳支架模具,并使用医用硅胶MED 4735完成人体外耳支架的制作成型。动物实验验证了其生物相容性,证明了方法的可行性。通过该技术制作的硅胶人体外耳支架可以高度模仿患者特定的耳廓形状,支架精度高、制造周期短、无生物排异,可为替代肋软骨雕刻人体外耳支架进行耳廓缺损治疗提供依据。     

运用3D打印技术提升装备保障训练水平

3D打印技术是一种快速成型技术,在不同领域均有成熟应用。部队现有的技术人才构成、成熟配套的软硬环境、打印材料的多样性,为3D打印技术应用于装备保障训练提供了可能。目前,部队现有的装备保障训练手段仍较为传统、单一,特别是工作原理、故障排除课目很难保证训练效果,严重制约装备保障能力提高。应用3D打印技术,着重对重难点课目进行设计,解决"无法训、训不到、效果差"等训练瓶颈问题,是对现有训练手段的丰富和完善,是继模拟训练、虚拟训练之后的又一新手段、方法,对提高装备训练水平、保证训练质量有重大意义。     

基于3D打印的可移植人体外耳支架关键技术研究*

耳廓缺损是临床常见疾病，使用患者自体肋软骨雕刻为耳支架并植入缺损耳皮下是目前的主要治疗方法。该方法对手术者提出很高的技术要求，雕刻的外耳支架无法精确还原患者耳廓形状，同时肋软骨的切除会对患者带来并发症。本文探索使用医用硅胶制作患者个体外耳支架的关键技术，使用CT和逆向建模技术得到对应患者个体的外耳数字模型，利用3D打印技术制造人体外耳支架模具，并使用医用硅胶MED 4735完成人体外耳支架的制作成型。动物实验验证了其生物相容性，证明了该方法的可行性。通过该技术制作的硅胶人体外耳支架可以高度模仿患者特定的耳廓形状，支架精度高，制造周期短，无生物排异，可为替代肋软骨雕刻人体外耳支架进行耳廓缺损治疗提供依据。     

3D打印技术在火工品和炸药中的应用研究

当今社会,3D打印技术在两个方面的研究有所涉及,那就是火工品装药和炸药装药,专业人员对这两个方面研究有所进展。研究结果表明,3D打印技术在一定方面有其存在的应用,比如可以实现复杂结构的装药,成品低且质量小,使用安全性能高,尤其在火工品装药和炸药领域的发展有一定的研究价值,在今后的发展中也是十分重要的发展方向。基于此,文章对3D打印技术进行了研究,根据国内外3D打印技术在炸药中的研究,对其应用中的优势进行了探索。     

3D打印的军事应用前景

今年5月初,全球首款利用3D打印技术制造的名为"解放者"(Liberator)的手枪,由美国得克萨斯州奥斯汀市非盈利组织分布式防御(Defense Distributed)创始人、25岁的德州大学学生科迪·威尔森研发出来,其制造设计图和组装过程也被发布到了互联网上。除手枪的金属撞针外,"解放者"原型产品其余15个部件都采用Stratasys公司的"Dimension SST"3D打印机打印完成,构材     

静电纺丝制备聚丙烯腈纳米纤维及包覆纱线研究

利用静电纺丝技术制备了聚丙烯腈（PAN）纳米纤维,考察了PAN溶液质量浓度、纺丝电压和挤出速率等工艺参数对PAN纳米纤维制备及其微观形貌的影响,制备了直径可控的PAN纳米纤维,并将其对纱线进行包覆。结果表明：PAN溶液的质量浓度和挤出速率对纤维成形和直径的影响较大,随着PAN溶液质量浓度升高,溶液可纺性增加;较低的挤出速度能纺出直径细而均匀的纳米纤维;纤维直径随着纺丝电压的增加而减小。PAN纳米纤维与纱线能较好地复合,为纳米纤维的应用、纱线改性和纤维增强增韧复合材料界面设计提供了新方法和技术支撑。     

热流体层板装置研究进展及应用综述

层板技术自提出以来,就因其特殊的流道构型、精确的尺寸及定位,以及能解决各种复杂的流动及传热问题而得到快速发展,可以说层板技术是科技发展史上一次重大的技术革新。简要概述了层板技术的特点及发展情况;对近年来国内外层板装置的一些典型新应用,如层板式喷注器、层板燃气发汗鼻锥、层板式流体混合器、层板式高速船推进器、层板式消声器等进行了介绍;对层板技术的加工工艺与3D打印技术相似的加工思路进行了阐述。     

Direct ink writing of 3D-Honeycombed CL-20 structures with low critical size

3D-Honeycombed CL-20 structures with low critical size of detonation have been fabricated successfully for intelligent weapon systems using a micro-flow direct ink writing (DIW) technology. The CL-20-based explosive ink for DIW technology was prepared by a two-component adhesive system with waterborne polyurethane (WPU) and ethyl cellulose (EC). Not only the preparation of the explosive ink but also the principle of DIW process have been investigated systematically. The explosive ink displayed strong shear-thinning behavior that permitted layer-by-layer deposition from a fine nozzle onto a substrate to produce complex shapes. The EC content was varied to alter the pore structure distribution and rheological behavior of ink samples after curing. The deposited explosive composite materials are of a honeycombed structure with high porosity, and the pore size distribution increases with the increase of EC content. No phase change was observed during the preparation process. Both WPU and EC show good compatibility with CL-20 particles. Apparently high activation energy was realized in the CL-20-based composite ink compared with that of the refined CL-20 due to the presence of non-energetic but stable WPU. The detonation performance of the composite materials can be precisely controlled by an adjustment in the content of binders. The 3D honeycombed CL-20 structures, which are fabricated by DIW technology, have a very small critical detonation size of less than 69 μm, as demonstrated by wedge shaped charge test. The ink can be used to create 3D structures with complex geometries not possible with traditional manufacturing techniques, which presents a bright future for the development of intelligent weapon systems.     

Fabrication and characterization of mussel-inspired layer-by-layer assembled CL-20-based energetic films via micro-jet printing

Three-dimensional (3D) micro-jet printing is a droplet deposition technique based on liquid-phase materials. To improve the deposition density and performance of energetic films with micro/nanoscale on an energetic chip, polydopamine (PDA) was utilized as a linker bridge to induce the in-situ self-assembly of CL-20-based energetic film via 3D micro-jet printing. The self-assembly was extensively characterized by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), SEM, power-XRD, XPS, and DSC. The performance of the self-assembled film was verified by the mechanical properties and detonation properties, and a possible self-assembly mechanism in the layer-by-layer micro-jet printing process was proposed. The results indicated PDA-induced self-assembly enhanced the physical entanglement between the binders and energetic crystal, reduced the porosity from 15.87% to 11.28%, and improved the elastic modulus and the detonation performance of the CL-20-based energetic film. This work proposes a novel and promising energetic film design and fabrication strategy to enhance the interaction between the energetic composite layers in the micro-jet printing process.     

Effect of nano powder (Al2O3-CaO) addition on the mechanical properties of the polymer blend matrix composite

This work describes the preparation and study of the properties of composite nanoparticles prepared by the sol-gel method which consists of two materials (Al₂O₃-CaO), and study the effect of these nanoparticles on the mechanical behavior of a polymer blend (EP 4% + 96% UPE). The powder was evaluated by X-ray diffraction analysis, scanning electron microscopy analysis (SEM), particle size analysis, and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). The mechanical behavior of the composite material was assessed by tensile test, bending test and hardness test. The evaluation results of the composite nanoparticles showed good distribution of the chemical composition between aluminum oxide and calcium oxide, smoothness in particles' size at calcination in high and low temperatures, formation of different shapes of nanoparticles and different (kappa and gamma) phases of the Al₂O₃ particles. The results of mechanical behavior tests showed marked improvement in the mechanical properties of the resulted composite material, especially at 1.5%, compared with polymer blend material without nano powder addition. The tensile properties improved about (24 and 14.9) % and bending resistance about (23.5 and 16.8) % and hardness by (25 and 22) % when adding particles of size (63.8 and 68.6) respectively. Therefore, this reflects the efficiency of the proposed method to manufacture the nanocomposite powder and the possibility of using this powder as a strengthening material for the composite materials and using these composite materials in bio applications, especially in the fabrication of artificial limbs.     

水喷淋对建筑外立面火灾烟气向室内蔓延控制的研究

高层建筑外保温材料发生火灾后,研究着火层房间内的自动喷水灭火系统对火灾烟气向室内蔓延的控制效果,为高层建筑性能化防火设计提供理论支持。运用火灾动力学软件FDS模拟高层建筑外保温材料火灾,对比分析在不同喷射位置的自动喷水灭火系统作用下的室内平均CO浓度和温度等烟气特性参数。综合比较发现,将喷头置于窗上方向下喷淋能有效地降低室内平均CO浓度和平均温度。对于由高层建筑外保温材料引起的火灾,室内自动喷水灭火系统喷头相对于窗户的位置决定其对火灾烟气蔓延控制的效果。     

Damage of multi-layer spaced metallic target plates impacted by radial layered PELE

Three different kinds of PELE (the penetrator with lateral efficiency) were launched by ballistic artillery to impact the multi-layer spaced metal target plates. The impact velocities of the projectiles were measured by the velocity measuring system. The damage degree and process of each layer of target plate impacted by the three kinds of projectiles were analyzed. The experimental results show that all the three kinds of projectiles have the effect of expanding holes on the multi-layer spaced metal target plates. For the normal structure PELE(without layered) with tungsten alloy jacket and the radial layered PELE with tungsten alloy jacket, the diameters of holes on the second layer of plates are 3.36 times and 3.76 times of the diameter of the projectile, respectively. For radial layered PELE with W/Zr-based amorphous composite jacket, due to the large number of tungsten wires dispersed after the impact, the diameter of the holes on the four-layer spaced plates can reach 2.4 times, 3.04 times, 5.36 times and 2.68 times of the diameter of the projectile. Besides, the normal structure PELE with tungsten alloy jacket and the radial layered PELE whit tungsten alloy jacket formed a large number of fragments impact marks on the third target plate. Although the number of fragments penetrating the third target plate is not as large as that of the normal structure PELE, the area of dispersion of fragments impact craters on the third target plate is larger by the radial layered PELE. The radial layered PELE with W/Zr-based amorphous composite jacket released a lot of heat energy due to the impact of the matrix material, and formed a large area of ablation marks on the last three target plates.     

整体缝合夹芯结构复合材料力学性能

所设计的新型整体缝合泡沫夹芯复合材料结构,能够避免一般斜缝方式引起纤维交叉损坏的弊端。采用真空导入模塑工艺制备整体缝合泡沫夹芯结构复合材料,研究缝合结构、缝合方式以及缝合纱线用量对整体缝合泡沫夹芯复合材料平压力学性能和弯曲性能的影响。结果表明,新型缝合结构在保证平压力学性能的同时,相比于垂直缝合结构弯曲破坏载荷提高了94.4%;穿透缝合方式能够显著提高试样的平压强度和弯曲破坏载荷;随着缝合纱线用量的增加,整体缝合泡沫夹芯复合材料的压缩和弯曲性能显著提高。     

多层粘弹阻尼复合结构阻尼性能的研究

制备了多层粘弹阻尼复合结构,并研究了其阻尼性能.实验结果表明,多层粘弹弱约束阻尼复合结构的阻尼性能优于多层粘弹自由阻尼复合结构的阻尼性能.     

线性可调音速喷嘴工作特性仿真

为了满足组合发动机模态转换的要求,连续稳定调节推进剂流量十分关键。为此,针对气体推进剂,在常规音速喷嘴的基础上设计了一种可调音速喷嘴。通过塞锥改变音速喷嘴的节流面积,进而实现流量的连续调节。采用两次包络线方法设计塞锥型面,使得可调音速喷嘴具有线性的流量特性。采用计算流体动力学数值仿真研究可调音速喷嘴的工作特性。仿真结果表明反压小于临界反压时,可调音速喷嘴流量不受反压影响。可调音速喷嘴保持临界状态的临界反压比随流量的减小呈增大的趋势。线性可调音速喷嘴的流量与塞锥位置有较好的线性关系,其流量系数高且几乎不受塞锥位置的影响。     

低粘度环氧树脂VIMP工艺性能研究

VIMP(真空注射模塑)工艺以其低成本、环保和适于大型制件一次整体成型等优点得到了广泛应用.本文对VIMP工艺用低粘度环氧树脂体系进行了固化反应动力学和粘度分析,确定了最佳固化温度,建立了树脂体系的流变模型,模型分析结果与实验结果吻合较好,根据此流变模型预报了工艺窗口.并进行了VIMP模塑板材工艺实验,测试了板材的纤维体积含量和力学性能.     

Performances and direct writing of CL-20 based ultraviolet curing explosive ink

A new type of explosive ink formulation that can be quickly cured was prepared with unsaturated polyester as binder,styrene as active monomer,2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl-diphenylphosphine oxide as photoinitiator,and hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20) as the main explosive.Then the explosive ink direct writing technology was used to charge the micro-sized energetic devices,the curing mechanism of the explosive ink was discussed,and the microstructure,safety performance and explosive transfer performance of the explosive ink molded samples were tested and analyzed.Results indicate that the composite material has a fast curing molding speed,its hardness can reach 2H within 8 min.The crystal form of CL-20 in the molded sample is still ε type.The CL-20 based W-curing explosive ink formulation has good compatibility,its apparent activation energy is increased by about 3.5 kJ/mol.The composite presents a significant reduction in impact sensitivity and its characteristic drop height can reach 39.8 cm,which is about 3 times higher than the raw material.When the line width of charge is 1.0 mm,the critical thickness of the explosion can reach 0.015 mm,and the explosion velocity is 7129 m/s when the charge density is 1.612 g/cm3.