高超声速过渡区气动热的DSMC数值模拟研究

气动热是制约高超声速飞行器设计的主要因素之一,当飞行高度大于40 km时流场中存在局部过渡区流动特性,基于分子动力学的DSMC方法是解决高超声速过渡区气动热计算的有效途径之一。针对高超声速飞行器的典型球锥外形,采用DSMC方法开展了过渡区流动气动热特性研究,分析了当流场具有过渡区流动特性时,飞行马赫数和飞行高度对气动热的影响规律,并与Fay-Riddell驻点热流的工程算法作了对比分析。计算结果表明,DSMC方法在高超声速过渡区流动气动热计算中可以得到较好的结果,适用于高超声速过渡区流场气动热的计算与分析。     

X-37B空天飞行器轻质非烧蚀热防护新技术

X-37B轨道飞行器是世界上第一个具有可重复使用、高超声速飞行、高机动变轨及快速响应能力的空天飞行器。X-37B突破了空天飞行器热防护技术的瓶颈,成功验证了新型的轻质非烧蚀热防护技术。分析了X-37B"全球快速精确打击目标"的特殊功能对热防护系统的需求,提出了X-37B空天飞行器热防护系统的新技术———轻质、非烧蚀,最后探索了X-37B热防护新技术的实施途径。     

复杂外形高超声速飞行器气动热快速工程估算

针对复杂外形高超声速飞行器方案设计阶段的气动热计算效率问题,建立了高超声速飞行器气动热的快速工程计算方法。采用修正牛顿理论确定飞行器表面压力分布,利用牛顿最速下降理论计算飞行器表面流线分布,采用参考焓法、高温空气热力学特性的拟合公式以及热流密度的工程计算公式求出飞行器表面目标点的热流密度,计算了钝锥、升力体以及类乘波体的表面热流分布。仿真分析表明:该方法适用于复杂外形,且具有较高的计算效率和精度,能够满足复杂高超声速飞行器设计方案阶段气动热估算需求。     

基于扰动大气模型的动力推进高超声速飞行器弹道特性分析

在半速度坐标系建立动力推进高超声速飞行器质心动力学方程,并进行了弹道仿真,分析了初始点参数和飞行设计参数对标准弹道影响,完成了标准大气和扰动大气模型中飞行器跳跃弹道高度、过载、热流特性的对比分析.将地球扰动大气模型应用于飞行器跳跃弹道分析,讨论了不同大气模型对动力推进高超声速飞行器跳跃弹道影响.仿真结果表明,大气参数变化对高超声速飞行器跳跃弹道最低点、最大过载、最大驻点热流和总吸热量等参数影响明显, 该结论对飞行器总体、结构、动力、热防护、导航、制导与控制系统前期设计工作有一定参考价值.     

固体药燃气逆向喷流热防护有效性分析

针对高超声速飞行器逆向喷流介质供应，采用固体药燃烧产生的燃气作为喷流的介质，来减小供应系统的质量与体积。采用数值计算的方法对高速飞行器球头逆向喷流流场进行数值模拟，分析不同飞行条件下高温燃气对球头热防护的影响。研究表明，采用高温燃气会减弱逆向喷流的热防护效果，但是对比无逆向喷流的驻点热流，最大热流仍然存在大幅度的下降。通过调节喷流压力，在不增加喷流质量的情况下，高温燃气逆向喷流可以取得与常温介质一致的热防护效果。针对6马赫数以上的飞行，现有的固体药燃气温度能够对飞行器头部实现有效的热防护。     

高超声速飞行器前缘流-热-固一体化计算

针对高超声速流动气动加热与结构传热的复杂耦合问题,探索和研究基于有限体积法的高超声速流-热-固一体化求解方法,将流场与结构温度场进行统一建模与数值模拟。该方法避开了传统气动加热和结构传热耦合求解方法在时间域内进行流场与结构温度场耦合交替迭代计算所带来的大量数据交换与计算,将流场与结构温度场作为一个物理场,采用统一的控制方程进行求解。采用典型高超声速绕流二维圆管稳态或非稳态流-热-固耦合算例对该一体化方法进行验证,稳态时圆管驻点温度最高达到648 K,非稳态时的热流密度和结构温度与参考文献和实验值吻合较好,由此证明了该方法的可靠性和正确性。与耦合计算方法的对比分析结果表明:该一体化求解方法所得计算结果更接近实验值,并且计算量和网格依赖性都相对较小,具有更好的稳定性和计算精度,能为高超声速飞行器一体化热防护设计提供有效的理论和技术支撑。     

稀薄流高超声速飞行器气动加热耦合计算

针对稀薄流域高超声速飞行器的气动加热问题,开展耦合数值计算研究。通过引入牛顿冷却定律,将直接模拟蒙特卡洛数值模拟方法与结构传热计算方法相结合,设计一种可对全机外形进行气动热和结构传热计算的高效松耦合方法,实现飞行器防热层结构材料温度分布特性的数值模拟。在以钝锥外形为例对直接模拟蒙特卡洛数值模拟程序进行验证的基础上,采用该方法对X37B轨道飞行器外形长时加热与结构传热过程进行数值模拟,给出结构温度及热流密度随飞行时间的变化规律。研究结果表明,设计的耦合计算方法能够模拟稀薄流域高超声速飞行器的气动加热及结构传热耦合过程,可为该类飞行器的气动热分析及热防护设计提供技术支持。     

锥导乘波体气动外形优化与分析

以高超声速巡航飞行器为应用背景,在Ma=6,H=30 km设计条件下,对锥导乘波体进行气动外形优化设计。首先以升阻比为优化目标,利用遗传算法对锥导乘波体进行气动力优化;然后对基于气动力优化得到的乘波体进行前缘钝化研究,详细分析了乘波体前缘的3种钝化半径对其气动力与气动热的影响。结果表明,采用遗传算法对乘波体工程估算的气动力进行优化是可靠的。对乘波体进行前缘钝化可以有效降低最大热流密度,但同时也会降低其升阻比。随着钝化半径的增大,乘波体升阻比降低较为明显,但对热流密度的影响逐渐减弱,因此将乘波体应用于高超声速巡航飞行器时应综合考虑钝化对其气动力和气动热的影响,寻找最佳平衡点。     

盖板式陶瓷热防护系统的传热性能优化

针对高超声速飞行器对盖板式陶瓷热防护系统的迫切需求,建立了热防护系统结构瞬态传热模型;并研究了防隔热层的物性参数,厚度尺寸,相变层的种类、位置等因素对热防护系统结构传热性能的影响。结果表明,隔热层物性参数及厚度尺寸对热防护系统结构传热性能具有决定性影响,而防热层的物性参数及厚度尺寸几乎不产生影响。相变材料的引入能够明显改善热防护系统结构的传热性能。调整和优化相变层位置是改善热防护系统结构传热性能、降低结构厚度的一个有效途径。隔热层厚度的优化结果可为热防护系统结构设计提供一定的参考和依据。     

高超声速防空导弹结构防热技术展望

近年来,高超声速防空导弹成为各军事大国研究热门。高超声速防空导弹飞行速度马赫数超过5,因此如何准确确定气动加热环境和进行热防护设计,选择合适的防热结构方案,是研制高超声速防空导弹的重要关键技术。基于未来高超声速防空导弹可能面临的热环境,并结合目前国内外在热防护材料及热结构方面的发展状况,介绍几种适合未来高超声速防空导弹的防热设计方案。     

Terrorism,insurgency, kidnapping,and security in Africa's energy sector

Energy continues to serve as the bedrock of modern economies and the main driver of modern society. For Africa, the production and supply of energy resources such as crude oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, biomass, biofuels and other renewables are an important source of employment, rents, taxes, royalties and profits. This sector brings in several tens of billions of dollars of revenue annually. The production and delivery of such resources, however, depend on critical infrastructures such as pipelines, refineries, processing plants, terminals, rigs, electrical energy pylons, substations, pump stations, vessels, and tankers. These infrastructures have been attacked by terrorists, insurgents, vandals and saboteurs, all of whom see them as targets against which to register their grievances and extract concessions from the state. This paper is a chronological account of some of the documented incidents of terrorism, insurgency, kidnapping, destruction, sabotage, and human casualties suffered in the oil and gas sectors in Africa between 1999 and 2012. It is based on data extracted from the databases of the RAND Database of World Terrorism Incidents and the University of Maryland's Global Terrorism Database (GTD).     

Helping hands: civil–military cooperation and Italy's military operation abroad

In the Post-Bipolar Era the growing complexity of the military operations requires a new approach for the resolution of international crises. Since the end of the Cold War, peace support operations (PSO) have become the mainstay and principal occupation of most Western armies. At the same time, Italy has been one of the most important actors in such an area. The article focuses on the cooperation between military and civil components (a process called CIMIC) as a key variable in the Italian PSOs. We will analyse in detail the main lessons learned from past military interventions as well as the general context in which new tendencies are taking place. The maintaining of a minimum security frame becomes essential to fulfil activities ‘collateral’ to the mission: reconstructing services and infrastructure, food distribution, water and medication, law and order, de-mining, training of local forces, and supporting local institutions. These are the main tasks to obtain thrust and support from the population.     

Tacit support for terrorism: The rapprochement between the USSR and Palestinian guerrilla organizations following the 1967 war

This article demonstrates the inconsistent and wavering Soviet attitude towards national liberation movements in general and the Palestinian organizations in particular. Until the late 1960s, the Soviets viewed these organizations with suspicion, hesitating to engage in political dialogue with them. However, in the 1970s, political and military events in the region, as well as modifications in the Kremlin's Cold War strategies, led to a general shift towards the Middle East in Soviet foreign policy. Soviet leaders showed increased willingness to provide certain Palestinian organizations with arms with which to conduct terrorist activities against Israeli, pro-Israeli, Jewish and Western targets. The article explores the complex relations between Palestinian organizations and the USSR in the field of international terror. The study also exposes and analyzes the nature and content of Soviet–Palestinian arms dialogues and transactions. It provides clear evidence that Soviet policymakers and other luminaries were fully informed of, and sometimes directly involved in, these transactions and dialogues at the highest levels.     

A1 Qaeda and the radical Islamic challenge to western strategy

The September 11 global crisis prompted by the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon raises major questions concerning the nature and trajectory of terrorism in the post-Cold War global order. Hitherto, terrorism has been largely debated by analysts at the level of nation states. Terrorist and insurgent movements have also been largely anchored in nationalist and ethnic power bases even when they have sought to mobilise a transnational ideological appeal on religious or class grounds. There have been a few exceptions to this pattern such as the alliance between the German Baader-Meinhof group and the Japanese Red Army Faction, but even such international alliances as this did not, until at least the 1980s, presage anything like a global terrorist network necessitating a global strategic response. This study examines terrorism and global strategic responses.     

Helping hands: external support for the KNU insurgency in Burma

This article analyses to what extent the Burmese KNU insurgency made use of external support from states, refugees, and diasporas. Based on extensive fieldwork it is concluded that support from neighbouring states and refugees has for years kept the Karen rebellion alive. Western countries perceived forms of resistance to the illegitimate Burmese regime as just and have therefore played a crucial role in the continuation of conflict in Karen State. It is important that policymakers and donors as well as executing organizations continue to reflect critically on the way they exercise their work.     

基于GTST-DMLD-ESD的装备RMS建模仿真

装备的RMS是装备的重要设计参数,是影响战备完好和保障能力的关键因素.引入GTST-DMLD作为主要建模工具,建立起装备系统的RMS描述模型,以ESD为补充和扩展,对维修过程进行建模.并以GTST-DMLD-ESD模型作为装备RMS仿真的核心,对装备RMS仿真模型的总体框架进行了研究,并对各模块进行了较为详细的探讨.     

Cyber sheiks and grassroots jihadis: the war in Syria and the devolution of the Bosnian Salafi communities

ABSTRACT

What was the scope of the Bosnian jihadi participation in the war in Syria? Did the Bosnian volunteers tend to join one particular faction? Why did the Bosnian youngsters decide to join the holy war in the Levant? Was this an organized and hierarchical process or was this a grassroots movement? Last, were all the Salafis in Bosnia supportive of this dynamic or did this process cause internal frictions? These are some of the questions that this research will try to answer.     

The UK,interrogation and Iraq, 2003–2008

The UK’s interrogation operations during the conflict in Iraq (2003–2008) are often portrayed by the media as involving significant amounts of mistreatment. This article demonstrates that these practices are not necessarily representative of the UK’s interrogation operations across this conflict. In doing so it contributes to the limited literature on the practice of interrogation and on the UK’s combat operations in Iraq. The UK’s interrogation capability, and therefore its intelligence-gathering capability, is shown to have rested primarily with the military’s Joint Forward Interrogation Team (JFIT). The JFIT suffered from limitations to the number, training and experience of its interrogators and interpreters. It is argued that maintaining a permanent, higher level of preparedness for interrogation by the British armed forces is desirable.     

Remembering and forgetting Mirambo: Histories of war in modern Africa

ABSTRACT

While the study of organised violence is considered essential to understanding the history of the West, and accordingly imbued with various layers of meaning and remembrance, war is widely regarded as inimical to the modern nation in Africa and stable development more broadly. Using examples drawn from primarily from East Africa, this paper considers the ways in which warfare in the deeper (‘precolonial’) past has been framed and envisioned in recent decades, in particular by governments whose own roots lie in revolutionary armed struggle and who began life as guerrilla movements. While in some cases particular elements of the deeper past were indeed mobilised in pursuit of contemporary political goals, in many other scenarios histories of precolonial violence were beheld as problematic and unworthy of remembrance. This paper highlights the paradox and ambiguity which has attended the memory of key aspects of Africa’s deeper past.