超高速碰撞形成一次碎片云特性

对超高速碰撞数值模拟方法进行了讨论.采用ANSYS/AUTODYN程序的SPH方法,对球形弹丸超高速撞击时弹丸的破碎、碎片云的形成及扩展过程进行数值模拟,其结果与实验结果进行比较,并验证了计算方法和模型参数的正确性.在此基础上采用数值模拟方法,对钨合金、轧制均质装甲及LY12铝三种材料的球形弹丸超高速撞击靶板之后形成的一次碎片云形貌及演化规律进行了研究,并基于量纲分析方法得出了碎片云特征参数(碎片云头部速度、径向最大膨胀速度及膨胀角)随初始撞击条件的变化规律。     

强爆轰驱动超高速碎片发射装置设计因素分析

为了得到发射装置设计因素和超高速碎片性能间的关系,考虑了药型罩的材料、炸药种类、装药长径比、药型罩的锥角、药型罩的厚度、药型罩顶部靠近装药侧的曲率半径等设计因素,采用AUTODYNTM,结合正交试验,对超高速碎片的发射过程进行数值模拟。结果表明,3种发射装置结构分别可以提供质量为1. 533 g的紫铜碎片、速度为11. 649 km/s的铝碎片、动能为85. 6 k J的铝碎片; 2种发射装置结构均可以提供质量大于1 g、速度高于11 km/s的密实结构圆柱状碎片。验证了仿真方法的可信性,对影响碎片性能的设计因素进行了分析、排序,并得到了这些设计因素与碎片质量、速度、动能的关系。     

SPH算法在超高速碰撞数值模拟中的应用

采用大型动力学软件Ls-dyna中的SPH求解器,对球形弹丸超高速碰撞靶板的过程进行数值模拟。给出由于碰撞速度不同,而引起的不同的碎片云图像,以及不同的靶板破碎孔的尺寸。同时模拟了入射角度不同,而得到不同的超高速碰撞物理过程。初步分析结果表明数值模拟结果是合理的,较清晰地模拟了超高速碰撞下碎片云的生成、膨胀过程。另外,通过数值模拟结果与实验结果的比较分析,表明SPH方法得到的结果能描述相应的超高速碰撞现象。所以采用SPH算法针对超高速碰撞物理过程进行数值模拟是可行的。     

抗超高速撞击多层结构复合材料研究

本文介绍了抗超高速撞击多层结构复合材料的设计、制备和实验,并对结果进行了讨论,实验证明,以SiC陶瓷基复合材料为防护层、以空心微珠或多孔变密度复合材料为缓冲层、以编织物复合材料为结构层的多层结构复合材料,具有面密度低、抗撞击速度范围宽、抗撞击性能好的特点。     

空间碎片对航天活动的威胁日益严峻

近五年来,几次碰撞和解体事件使得空间碎片数量急剧增加,尤其是低轨道区域,数量增加已经超过50%,造成航天器在轨碰撞概率大大升高空间碎片是在轨运行或再入大气的无功能的人造物体及其残块和组件。目前在轨的空间碎片占所有在轨物体的95%。截至2013年10月,在轨空间碎片数量达到16134个。空间碎片的影响及危害空间碎片和航天器的平均撞击速度是每秒10公里,厘米级以上的空间碎片可导致航天器彻底损坏,其破坏力之大几乎无法防护,唯一的办法是躲避。     

硬质聚氨酯泡沫塑料填充薄壁钢管横向压缩吸能特性分析

为研究硬质聚氨酯泡沫塑料填充薄壁钢管后的吸能特性,对单钢管、钢管嵌套系统及填充硬质聚氨酯泡沫塑料后的钢管进行横向静力压缩试验,并对试验结果进行对比分析。结果表明:硬质聚氨酯泡沫塑料填充管比空钢管的吸能效果有明显提高,其中双钢管嵌套系统填充硬质聚氨酯泡沫塑料后吸能效果提高最明显,三钢管嵌套系统吸收外来的能量值最大。薄壁钢管填充硬质聚氨酯泡沫塑料是一种性能优良的吸能装置,在防护工程中可作为隔爆抗侵彻材料。     

波纹型泡沫混凝土耗能层的抗爆性能

为了研究耗能层类型改变对复合防护结构防护能力的影响,利用LS-DYNA有限元软件,对采用波纹型泡沫混凝土作为耗能层的复合防护结构在爆炸荷载作用下的动力响应进行了模拟,从压力、合成位移、合成加速度和合成速度4个方面考察其防护能力,发现波纹型泡沫混凝土防护能力明显优于平板型泡沫混凝土;并对波纹周期分别为6,8,10 cm的情况进行比较,发现其抗爆效果基本符合波纹周期越小,防护效果越好的规律。     

爆炸载荷作用下的船用吸能防护结构

重要舰船或舰船的重要部位采用吸能防护结构的必要性已逐渐被人们所认识和接受。防护结构性能好坏的主要指标是培构总能量吸收量和比耗能,本文分析了3种船用吸能防护结构在爆炸最荷作用下的破坏形式,给出了相应的能量吸收估算公式及计算蛄果,比较了等重量下不同防护结构的吸能量和比耗能,从而为船用吸能防护结构用于抗爆炸设计提供了依据和方法。     

拉法叶级护卫舰的启示

拉法叶级的满载排水量为3680吨,拥有4台柴油发动机,可输出31800匹马力,有2具螺旋桨和2具方向舵,最大速度46km／h。舰体上层结构为堡垒式密封设计,具有核生化防护能力。     

地基激光辐照空间碎片降轨模型研究

针对激光空间碎片主动清除问题,研究了地基脉冲激光清除空间碎片的基本原理,分析了速度增量作用位置对降轨效果的影响,在此基础上建立了空间碎片降轨模型,通过案例仿真计算验证了模型的合理性。研究结果对地基激光空间碎片清除有一定的借鉴意义。     

Characteristics structure analysis on debris cloud in the hypervelocity impact of disk projectile on thin plate

In this paper, the gauge points setting is introduced in the SPH simulation to analyze the debris cloud structure generated by the hypervelocity impact of disk projectile on thin plate. Compared with the experiments, more detailed information of the debris cloud structure can be classified from the numerical simulation. However, due to the solitary dispersion and overlap display of the particles in the SPH simulation, accurate comparison between numerical and experimental results is difficult to be performed. To track the velocity and spatial distribution of the particles in the debris cloud induced from disk and plate, gauge points are locally set in the single-layer profile in the SPH model. By analyzing the gauge points’ spatial coordinate and velocity, the location and velocity of characteristic points in the debris cloud are determined. The boundary of debris cloud is achieved, as well as the fragments distribution outside the main structure of debris cloud.     

高速/超高速碰撞效应研究

高速/超高速碰撞会产生大量破片,并伴随闪光、等离子体等现象.高速碰撞材料受冲击产生射流及破片高温会引起碰撞闪光现象,获得了碰撞等离子体电磁场强度的变化规律.采用数值仿真与理论分析相结合的方法,获得了高速碰撞破片云团分布规律.     

Investigation on the spatial distribution characteristics of behind-armor debris formed by the perforation of EFP through steel target

The behind-armor debris (BAD) formed by the perforation of an EFP is the main damage factor for the secondary destruction to the behind-armor components. Aiming at investigating the BAD caused by EFP, flash X-ray radiography combined with an experimental witness plate test method was used, and the FEM-SPH adaptive conversion algorithm in LS-DYNA software was employed to model the perforation process. The simulation results of the debris cloud shape and number of debris were in good agreement with the flash X-ray radiographs and perforated holes on the witness plate, respectively. Three-dimensional numerical simulations of EFP's penetration under various impact conditions were conducted. The results show that, an ellipsoidal debris cloud, with the major-to-minor axis radio (a/b) smaller than that caused by shaped charge jets, was formed behind the target. With the increase of target thickness (h) and decrease of impact velocity (v₀) and obliquity (θ), the value of a/b decreases. The number of debris ejected from target is significantly higher than that from EFP. Based on the statistical analysis of the spatial distribution of the BAD, An engineering calculation model was established considering the influence of h, v₀ and θ. The model can with reasonable accuracy predict the quantity and velocity distribution characteristics of BAD formed by EFP.     

爆炸成型弹丸贯穿靶板靶后破片空间分布模型

深空撞击载荷对探测小天体内部物质成分和结构特性具有重要意义,因此,在考虑爆炸成型弹丸(explosively formed projectile, EFP)可变截面的特性和区分靶后破片来源的基础上,建立了EFP贯穿靶板靶后破片空间分布模型。在靶板厚度30 mm至70 mm、EFP着靶速度1 650 m/s至1 860 m/s的条件下,该模型可以定量预测靶后破片云中各个破片的速度、质量、数量与空间位置的关系。结果表明,相对速度总是随相对空间位置的增加而呈线性增加,相对质量、相对数量总是随相对空间位置的增加而呈幂函数增加。     

Analysis of the stress wave and rarefaction wave produced by hypervelocity impact of sphere onto thin plate

Shock wave is emitted into the plate and sphere when a sphere hypervelocity impacts onto a thin plate. The fragmentation and phase change of the material caused by the propagation and unloading of shock wave could result in the formation of debris cloud eventually. Propagation models are deduced based on one-dimensional shock wave theory and the geometry of sphere, which uses elliptic equations (corresponding to ellipsoid equations in physical space) to describe the propagation of shock wave and the rarefaction wave. The “Effective thickness” is defined as the critical plate thickness that ensures the rarefaction wave overtake the shock wave at the back of the sphere. The “Effective thickness” is directly related to the form of the debris cloud. The relation of the “Effective thickness” and the “Optimum thickness” is also discussed. The impacts of Al spheres onto Al plates are simulated within SPH to verify the propagation models and associated theories. The results show that the wave fronts predicted by the propagation models are closer to the simulation result at higher impact velocity. The curvatures of the wave fronts decrease with the increase of impact velocities. The predicted “Effective thickness” is consistent with the simulation results. The analysis about the shock wave propagation and unloading in this paper can provide a new sight and inspiration for the quantitative study of hypervelocity impact and space debris protection.     

Research and development on hypervelocity impact protection using Whipple shield: An overview

Whipple shield, a dual-wall system, as well as its improved structures, is widely applied to defend the hypervelocity impact of space debris (projectile). This paper reviews the studies about the mechanism and process of protection against hypervelocity impacts using Whipple shield. Ground-based experiment and numerical simulation for hypervelocity impact and protection are introduced briefly. Three steps of the Whipple shield protection are discussed in order, including the interaction between the projectile and bumper, the movement and diffusion of the debris cloud, and the interaction between the debris cloud and rear plate. Potential improvements of the protection performance focusing on these three steps are presented. Representative works in the last decade are mentioned specifically. Some prospects and suggestions for future studies are put forward.     

Hypersonic impact flash characteristics of a long-rod projectile collision with a thin plate target

Impact flash occurs when objects collide at supersonic speeds and can be used for real-time damage assessment when weapons rely on kinetic energy to destroy targets.However,the mechanism of impact flash remains unclear.A series of impact flash experiments of flat-head long-rod projectiles impacting thin target plates were performed with a two-stage light gas gun.The impact flash spectra for 6061 aluminum at 1.3-3.2 km/s collision speeds were recorded with a high-speed camera,a photoelectric sensor,and a time-resolved spectrometer.The intensity of the impact flash exhibited a pulse charac-teristic with time.The intensity(I)increased with impact velocity(V0)according to I∝Vn0,where n = 4.41 for V0 ＞ 2 km/s.However,for V0 ＜ 2 km/s,n = 2.21,and the intense flash duration is an order of magnitude less than that of higher V0.When V0 ＞ 2 km/s,a continuous spectrum(thermal radiation background)was observed and increased in intensity with V0.However,for V0 ＜ 2 km/s,only atomic line spectra were detected.There was no aluminum spectral lines for V0 ＜ 2 km/s,which indicated that it had not been vaporized.The initial intense flash was emission from excited and ionized ambient gases near the impact surface,and had little relationship with shock temperature rise,indicating a new mechanism of impact flash.     

加筋板架抗动能穿甲的等效防护厚度研究

为研究舰船舷侧结构抗穿甲性能,采用有限元分析了两种典型工况下板架的穿甲破坏模式、弹体的剩余速度和板架的变形吸能规律,提出了基于剪切冲塞模式的剩余速度理论计算模型,比较了不同等效计算方法得到的结果,并将理论计算结果分别与相关文献的实验结果和本文的有限元计算结果进行了比较,两者之间均吻合较好。结果表明,加强筋对板架的抗穿甲性能影响较大,而板架的实际等效厚度是决定其抗穿甲性能的主要因素;不同的等效计算方法与模型相对尺寸、弹体冲击速度以及命中位置有关,对于弹体直径相对较大且初始冲击速度较高时,不同的等效计算方法得到的结果基本一致。