平面 NURBS 曲线的椭圆弧自适应逼近

给出了用椭圆弧及双椭圆弧自适应逼近平面NURBS曲线的算法。算法所得到的椭圆样条能够G1连续 ,双椭圆样条还能够保形。与现行的圆弧逼近算法相比 ,本算法不需要求解非线性方程组 ,而是由给定的插补误差自动计算参数增量 ,得到椭圆曲线的特征点 ,还可以将误差控制在预期的范围之内 ;与现行的直线插补方法相比 ,不需要额外的时间和空间 ,也适用于CNC环境。本算法在腔体加工、二维轮廓加工等方面有特别的实用价值。     

非圆链轮分度线的样条拟合

非圆链传动中，两链轮分度线为非圆形，该曲线数学表达式是一个非线性函数方程组，严格求解这一函数方程组似乎毫无希望，但是依据动力学的方法可以构造此曲线的切线系，即一切线多边形。从而将这一问题转化为求与切线多边形每条边相切的逼近曲线。     

二元对角矩阵Pade逼近

Chisholm在他的文章[1]中给出了二元对角Pade逼近并证明了这种逼近的若干不变性质,本文将二元对角Pade逼近推广到二元对角矩阵Pade逼近并研究了它的若干性质。     

神经网络的函数逼近理论

分析了将函数逼近理论与方法引入神经网络研究的必要性；从经典函数逼近与统计分析两方面详细地讨论了多层前馈网（ＭＬＰ）逼近能力分析的基本方法及结论；分析了正则理论观点下的径向基函数网络（ＲＢＦ）的逼近能力；讨论了ＲＢＦ网与多层前馈网在最佳逼近特性上的差异。文末指出了神经网络函数逼近的发展方向。     

在应用计算机的实时系统中函数逼近和预报的新方法

本文按照时畴观点提出了一种函数逼近和预报的方法。所得到的逼近(或拟合)函数是动态过程的状态函数的逼近,因此,不仅可以达到良好的逼近效果,而且也能达到良好的预报效果。文中的实际例子也表明了这一点。这就说明比通常的(我们称为经典的)逼近方法要好,特别是预报达到了预期的效果。     

基于组合机动的空间V-bar交会策略

提出了一种基于切向脉冲与径向连续常推力组合机动的空间V-bar交会策略。从绝对运动与相对运动两方面推导了维持追踪航天器圆轨道运行的组合机动的运动规律,给出了V-bar接近段与逼近段的制导律。在接近段,匀速直线接近,无需考虑视界约束的限制,转移时间控制灵活;在逼近段,先以大速率等速逼近,再切换为小速率等速逼近,切换过程可以灵活控制,制导简单,自然满足直线型标称轨迹要求,安全性好。     

过椭圆外一定点作其法线的计算机实现

对过椭圆外一定点的法线作图问题给出了一种计算机实现的几何逼近方法。该方法以几何迭代逼近作图原理为基础,建立了新的逼近法线方程,从而避免了手工作图的低精度及实际操作时的繁琐,使过椭圆外一定点的法线作图问题得以在计算机上迅速获得解决,且可达到足够的精度要求。     

Schr(o)dinger方程非协调旋转Q1元超逼近性分析

研究了在半离散格式下的非协调旋转Q1元对Schr(o)dinger方程的逼近,在正方形网格上,利用该单元的特殊性质,得到了其超逼近性质.     

三种RBF网络函数逼近性能对比及应用研究

非线性函数逼近问题是神经网络数据处理的具体应用之一,在相同误差指标和目标参数的情况下,以具体的非线性函数为例,仿真对比了径向基神经网络(Radical Basis Function,RBF)、模糊RBF和基于遗传算法的模糊RBF网络的逼近性能。结果表明,3种RBF网络结构都能够较好的逼近目标函数,但模糊RBF与GA-RBF网络结构较基本RBF网络结构而言能够更早达到较小的逼近误差范围。在此基础上,仿真验证了模糊GA-RBF网络应用于间接型自校正控制的有效性。     

灰色逼近理想解排序法在目标威胁评估中的应用

针对空袭目标的威胁判断问题,分析了空袭目标威胁评判的准则;据此给出了影响目标威胁的主要因素.并给出了主要因素的隶属函数.在此基础上,结合灰色关联度和逼近理想解排序法,用灰色关联度替代逼近理想解排序法中传统的距离,给出了灰色逼近理想解排序法模型;最后,将模型运用于空袭目标威胁排序中,以实例证实此方法的科学性与可行性.     

Terrorism,insurgency, kidnapping,and security in Africa's energy sector

Energy continues to serve as the bedrock of modern economies and the main driver of modern society. For Africa, the production and supply of energy resources such as crude oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, biomass, biofuels and other renewables are an important source of employment, rents, taxes, royalties and profits. This sector brings in several tens of billions of dollars of revenue annually. The production and delivery of such resources, however, depend on critical infrastructures such as pipelines, refineries, processing plants, terminals, rigs, electrical energy pylons, substations, pump stations, vessels, and tankers. These infrastructures have been attacked by terrorists, insurgents, vandals and saboteurs, all of whom see them as targets against which to register their grievances and extract concessions from the state. This paper is a chronological account of some of the documented incidents of terrorism, insurgency, kidnapping, destruction, sabotage, and human casualties suffered in the oil and gas sectors in Africa between 1999 and 2012. It is based on data extracted from the databases of the RAND Database of World Terrorism Incidents and the University of Maryland's Global Terrorism Database (GTD).     

Helping hands: civil–military cooperation and Italy's military operation abroad

In the Post-Bipolar Era the growing complexity of the military operations requires a new approach for the resolution of international crises. Since the end of the Cold War, peace support operations (PSO) have become the mainstay and principal occupation of most Western armies. At the same time, Italy has been one of the most important actors in such an area. The article focuses on the cooperation between military and civil components (a process called CIMIC) as a key variable in the Italian PSOs. We will analyse in detail the main lessons learned from past military interventions as well as the general context in which new tendencies are taking place. The maintaining of a minimum security frame becomes essential to fulfil activities ‘collateral’ to the mission: reconstructing services and infrastructure, food distribution, water and medication, law and order, de-mining, training of local forces, and supporting local institutions. These are the main tasks to obtain thrust and support from the population.     

Tacit support for terrorism: The rapprochement between the USSR and Palestinian guerrilla organizations following the 1967 war

This article demonstrates the inconsistent and wavering Soviet attitude towards national liberation movements in general and the Palestinian organizations in particular. Until the late 1960s, the Soviets viewed these organizations with suspicion, hesitating to engage in political dialogue with them. However, in the 1970s, political and military events in the region, as well as modifications in the Kremlin's Cold War strategies, led to a general shift towards the Middle East in Soviet foreign policy. Soviet leaders showed increased willingness to provide certain Palestinian organizations with arms with which to conduct terrorist activities against Israeli, pro-Israeli, Jewish and Western targets. The article explores the complex relations between Palestinian organizations and the USSR in the field of international terror. The study also exposes and analyzes the nature and content of Soviet–Palestinian arms dialogues and transactions. It provides clear evidence that Soviet policymakers and other luminaries were fully informed of, and sometimes directly involved in, these transactions and dialogues at the highest levels.     

A1 Qaeda and the radical Islamic challenge to western strategy

The September 11 global crisis prompted by the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon raises major questions concerning the nature and trajectory of terrorism in the post-Cold War global order. Hitherto, terrorism has been largely debated by analysts at the level of nation states. Terrorist and insurgent movements have also been largely anchored in nationalist and ethnic power bases even when they have sought to mobilise a transnational ideological appeal on religious or class grounds. There have been a few exceptions to this pattern such as the alliance between the German Baader-Meinhof group and the Japanese Red Army Faction, but even such international alliances as this did not, until at least the 1980s, presage anything like a global terrorist network necessitating a global strategic response. This study examines terrorism and global strategic responses.     

Helping hands: external support for the KNU insurgency in Burma

This article analyses to what extent the Burmese KNU insurgency made use of external support from states, refugees, and diasporas. Based on extensive fieldwork it is concluded that support from neighbouring states and refugees has for years kept the Karen rebellion alive. Western countries perceived forms of resistance to the illegitimate Burmese regime as just and have therefore played a crucial role in the continuation of conflict in Karen State. It is important that policymakers and donors as well as executing organizations continue to reflect critically on the way they exercise their work.     

基于GTST-DMLD-ESD的装备RMS建模仿真

装备的RMS是装备的重要设计参数,是影响战备完好和保障能力的关键因素.引入GTST-DMLD作为主要建模工具,建立起装备系统的RMS描述模型,以ESD为补充和扩展,对维修过程进行建模.并以GTST-DMLD-ESD模型作为装备RMS仿真的核心,对装备RMS仿真模型的总体框架进行了研究,并对各模块进行了较为详细的探讨.     

Cyber sheiks and grassroots jihadis: the war in Syria and the devolution of the Bosnian Salafi communities

ABSTRACT

What was the scope of the Bosnian jihadi participation in the war in Syria? Did the Bosnian volunteers tend to join one particular faction? Why did the Bosnian youngsters decide to join the holy war in the Levant? Was this an organized and hierarchical process or was this a grassroots movement? Last, were all the Salafis in Bosnia supportive of this dynamic or did this process cause internal frictions? These are some of the questions that this research will try to answer.     

Country survey XVI the defence sector in the economy of a declining superpower: Soviet Union and Russia, 1965-2001

The Soviet Union was able to develop a large military-industrial complex and become the world's second superpower despite deficiencies in its centrally planned economy because defence was given high priority status and special planning, rationing and administrative mechanisms were used to attain national security objectives. However, in the period 1976-85 the effectiveness of priority protection diminished and defence institutions experienced more of the problems typical of the shortage economic system. The heavy defence burden also created growing difficulties for the civilian economy. The attempts by the Gorbachev government to reform the defence sector and improve defence-economic relationships during perestroika (1985-91) uniformly failed. For most of the transition period, the Russian military-industrial complex has been adversely affected by its low priority status, cuts in defence spending, instability of the hybrid politico-economic system, and negative growth of the economy. The armed forces and defence industry have been reduced in size and their outputs of military services and equipment have fallen to low levels. Nevertheless, the Russian armed forces still have over one million troops, significant stocks of sophisticated conventional weapons, and a large nuclear arsenal. The government of President Putin has raised the priority of the defence sector, increased real defence spending, and adopted ambitious plans to revive Russian military power. It is likely, though, that tight resource constraints will hamper efforts to reform the armed forces and to upgrade weapons. By 2010 Russia will be an important, but not dominant, military power in Eurasia.     

Traffickers,terrorists, and a ‘new security challenge’: Russian counternarcotics strategy and the Federal Service for the Control of the Drugs Trade

The collapse of the Soviet Union precipitated the massive expansion of drug use and trade in Russia. The country now has one of the largest populations of injecting drug users in the world and has become the largest single-country market for Afghan heroin. In 2003 the Federal Service for the Control of the Drugs Trade was created to coordinate a comprehensive counternarcotics strategy appropriate to the scale of this threat. The service continues to face a number of challenges in its early stages of development. However, it has made considerable advances in improving responses to large-scale organised crime and in building international cooperation.