A model for geographically distributed combat interactions of swarming naval and air forces

This article describes the Distributed Interaction Campaign Model (DICM), an exploratory campaign analysis tool and asset allocation decision‐aid for managing geographically distributed and swarming naval and air forces. The model is capable of fast operation, while accounting for uncertainty in an opponent's plan. It is intended for use by commanders and analysts who have limited time for model runs, or a finite budget. The model is purpose‐built for the Pentagon's Office of Net Assessment, and supports analysis of the following questions: What happens when swarms of geographically distributed naval and air forces engage each other and what are the key elements of the opponents’ force to attack? Are there changes to force structure that make a force more effective, and what impacts will disruptions in enemy command and control and wide‐area surveillance have? Which insights are to be gained by fast exploratory mathematical/computational campaign analysis to augment and replace expensive and time‐consuming simulations? An illustrative example of model use is described in a simple test scenario. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 63: 562–576, 2016     

Uncharted Waters: Information in the First Modern Joint Campaign – Norway 1940

The 1940 Norway campaign was the first truly modern joint operation in which ground, sea and air forces all played major roles. With three services involved over a huge theater of war, the normal friction in obtaining and disseminating intelligence and information that one finds in a joint operation was multiplied. As the two sides were fairly evenly matched, effective use of intelligence and information provided a decisive advantage. This paper analyzes the use of information and intelligence of both sides at the strategic, operational and tactical levels. Both sides performed poorly at the strategic level but the Germans proved far superior to the British at the operational and tactical levels. The paper challenges several common assumptions on the importance of intelligence and information in joint campaigns.     

CEC网络—实现海上战斗兵力群战术协同作战的关键

在夺取制海权的作战中,海上战斗兵力群是最重要的。群内各兵力的战术协同是提高兵力群整体作战能力的关键,当然也是最难实现的。美国海军正加紧研制、试验和发展的战术协同作战网络,简称ＣＥＣ网络,极大地提高了由水面舰艇和飞机组成的兵力群战术协同作战能力,代表了兵力群战术协同作战的最高水平,将对海军的作战方法和样式产生重大影响。介绍了ＣＥＣ网络要实现的目的、组成、工作原理、特点、试验和发展情况     

舰空导弹拦截群目标火力分配作战效能研究

水面舰艇海上作战的主要威胁来自于敌方反舰导弹的攻击,因而水面舰艇的反导作战能力成为其作战效能的重要指标之一。通过建立舰空导弹的反导模型,结合复杂电磁环境下的目标捕获判断,运用蒙特卡罗法对舰空导弹反导效能进行综合评估,得出对舰空导弹武器系统效能影响的重要因素,通过分析得出几个有益作战的结论。     

Offensive defence in the Warsaw pact: Reinterpreting military doctrine

This essay examines the key role played by intelligence and deception in the interactive process of British and German preparations in the 1930s for U‐boat warfare. It argues that the Royal Navy (RN) employed the general perception of ASDIC (sonar) as an ‘antidote’ to the submarine to mislead potential foes about the state of its anti‐submarine defences. This British campaign of deception had a discernible impact. Before the outbreak of World War II, the German Navy failed to discover the realities behind ASDIC's image, and this intelligence failure helped to shape U‐boat policy.     

舰艇导弹武控系统分析

水面舰艇海上作战的主要威胁来自于敌方反舰导弹的攻击,水面舰艇的防空作战能力成为其作战效能的重要指标之一,而武控系统又是舰载防空导弹武器系统的核心。通过分析舰载武控系统的设计原则、种类、内涵等内容,结合武控系统软件的特点,对开放式体系结构在大型复杂军用实时系统中的应用进行了论述,通过分析得出了几个有益的结论。     

The Royal Navy and Mine Warfare, 1868-1914

Britain underestimated the importance of the naval mine in the years leading up to the First World War and entered the conflict unprepared for an extended mine campaign. Traditional interpretations of the mine's position are limited and neglect the broader political and economic factors influencing its development. The mine was a peripheral technology representative of the rapid technological change in the period, and its development was affected by financial constraints, international diplomacy and naval administration. Because of structural impediments, however, and despite significant resources devoted to the weapon, the mine faced obstacles which led to both limited stocks and inadequate plans for use at the opening of the First World War.     

East versus West in the defeat of Nazi Germany

One of the most commonly expressed opinions about victory in the Second World War is that the Soviet Union was mostly responsible for beating Nazi Germany. Supposedly the great land war fought between these two powers in the East was the decisive front in Europe. The West's contribution to German defeat, on the other hand, is often seen as somewhat marginal. The Anglo‐American strategic bombing campaign in 1943 paid few dividends and it was not until after the Normandy landings in June 1944 that the West really began to divert a large amount of German resources.

The purpose of this article is to challenge some of these basic notions. Through analysing what Germany produced, where it was sent and how it was destroyed, the West's contribution to defeating Germany moves from an ancillary position to a dominant one. Taking German war production as a whole, from 1943 onwards the West was responsible for tying down and destroying a significantly larger share than the Soviet Union.     

A branch and bound algorithm for sector allocation of a naval task group

A naval task group (TG) is a collection of naval combatants and auxiliaries that are grouped together for the accomplishment of one or more missions. Ships forming a TG are located in predefined sectors. We define determination of ship sector locations to provide a robust air defense formation as the sector allocation problem (SAP). A robust formation is one that is very effective against a variety of attack scenarios but not necessarily the most effective against any scenario. We propose a 0‐1 integer linear programming formulation for SAP. The model takes the size and the direction of threat into account as well as the defensive weapons of the naval TG. We develop tight lower and upper bounds by incorporating some valid inequalities and use a branch and bound algorithm to exactly solve SAP. We report computational results that demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed solution approach. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2011     

Sink the Bismarck (with luck?)

This paper describes a stochastic simulation of one of the key naval operations in World War II, and shows how the result of that operation might have differed considerably from the historical outcome. The simulation demonstrates that it is never possible to predict with confidence the results of military operations involving a few high‐value units.     

Naval policy and national strategy in France, 1933–1937

This article argues that French naval policy‐makers were slow to adjust to the changed strategic landscape of the 1930s. During the 1920s France did not face a serious land or air threat. Defence policy‐makers were therefore able to devote a large portion of the defence budget to rebuilding French maritime power. But when the Depression and the rise of Nazi Germany overturned the strategic situation in Europe, policy‐makers adjusted by giving priority to land and air rearmament and by placing ever greater emphasis on securing an alliance with Great Britain. The French naval establishment resisted this trend unsuccessfully. The frustration of naval planning increased the resentment and mistrust of both the Third Republic and Great Britain that characterised naval attitudes before and particularly during the Second World War.     

无人舰艇技术及军事应用研究

随着无人飞机的大量研发和广泛应用,无人化智能武器越来越受到世界各国的重视。在海洋争端愈演愈烈的今天,世界军事强国又纷纷把目光投向海上无人作战舰艇,无人舰艇技术得到突飞猛进的发展。近期,美国高调宣布将在中国南海打造以"无人飞机"和"无人舰艇"为骨干的"无人军团",以期全面遏制我海军的行动,加强无人舰艇技术研究已迫在眉睫。从世界无人舰艇发展历程出发,详细阐述了无人舰艇的技术特点和应用前景,重点分析了我军无人舰艇发展应用对策。研究表明,无人舰艇作为未来海航作战中不可忽视的力量,必将走俏未来战场,深度改变战争格局。     

One more push: Forcing the Dardanelles in March 1915

The historiography of the Gallipoli campaign suggests that the Turks were critically short of ammunition for the Dardanelles coastal defences in March 1915. This theme, established by Winston Churchill, became the basis for a widespread belief that the Royal Navy, after its failure to carry the Dardanelles on 18 March 1915, simply needed one more determined naval push to breakthrough the narrows. The presumed consequence was that the Ottoman Empire, with Constantinople under the guns of the Royal Navy, would have withdrawn from the war. Using modern Turkish sources, the author examines the available quantities, placement, and expenditure of ammunition, and challenges the premise that the Turks were desperately short of heavy shells. The author concludes that the Turks had sufficient remaining ammunition to fiercely contest control of the straits.     

基于UML的海军作战结构模型形式化描述研究*

以海军装备应用研究系统为背景,着眼于海军作战仿真想定生成系统的标准化,通过分析海军作战想定描述的层次结构,针对统一建模语言(UML)在面向对象系统方面的应用特点,探讨了使用UML表示标准的作战想定开发方法,并以合同进攻敌海上编队为例介绍了海军作战想定的设计方法。通过建立实体行动的军事概念模型以及对其进行的形式化描述,实现了军事专业人员和仿真技术开发人员之间的顺利交流,为仿真想定辅助生成系统的开发提供参考。     

基于XML的海军作战仿真想定设计方法

作战仿真想定是军事仿真系统的重要组成部分,为仿真系统的运行提供了初始态势和作战任务。目前在仿真想定中存在的主要问题是对想定描述的格式和手段不统一,生成的仿真想定可读性和可移植性不好,影响了仿真系统的真实性和可信度。以海军装备应用研究系统为背景,着眼于海军作战仿真想定生成系统的标准化,通过分析海军作战想定描述的层次结构,针对XML技术在数据表达方面的特点和应用,探讨了使用XML表示标准的作战想定开发方法,以潜艇破交任务为例介绍了海军作战想定的设计方法。     

一种自适应频率调节器的设计和分析

本文阐述了一种自适应频率调节器的电路组成及主要部分的工作原理。由于在幅压条件下调频精度与并联运行稳定性之间存在矛盾,本文采用了变结构控制的方案,并从电路上加以实现,从而有效地解决了这一难题。     

基于PXI的舰炮电气设备通用自动测试系统

采用虚拟仪器技术,并通过软件产生模拟信号拉制设备的运转,完成动态信号的提取,实现电气设备测试系统的研制.该系统具有通用性、高效性和易用性等特点,具有较好的实用价值.     

RUSSIAN NAVAL NUCLEAR FUEL AND REACTORS

Russian naval nuclear fuel and reactors pose both proliferation and environmental threats, ranging from the possible theft of highly enriched uranium fuel to the radioactive contamination of the environment, whether due to accident, neglect, or sabotage. Current conditions at Russian naval bases, together with a history of accidents and incidents involving Russia's nuclear fleet, make a convincing case for the large-scale assistance that the G8 is now providing to improve the safety and security of Russian naval reactors and fuel. However, virtually no data has been released to allow accurate, reliable, and independent analysis of reactor and fuel properties, risking misguided international efforts to assist in the areas of nuclear cleanup, nonproliferation, and security. This article identifies and assesses relevant properties and developments related to reactor and fuel design, provides a comprehensive presentation of Russian nuclear naval technologies, and examines technological trends in the context of proliferation and environmental security.     

Optimizing the US Navy's combat logistics force

We study how changes to the composition and employment of the US Navy combat logistic force (CLF) influence our ability to supply our navy worldwide. The CLF consists of about 30 special transport ships that carry ship and aircraft fuel, ordnance, dry stores, and food, and deliver these to client combatant ships underway, making it possible for our naval forces to operate at sea for extended periods. We have modeled CLF operations to evaluate a number of transforming initiatives that simplify its operation while supporting an even larger number of client ships for a greater variety of missions. Our input is an employment schedule for navy battle groups of ships operating worldwide, extending over a planning horizon of 90–180 days. We show how we use optimization to advise how to sustain these ships. We have used this model to evaluate new CLF ship designs, advise what number of ships in a new ship class would be needed, test concepts for forward at‐sea logistics bases in lieu of conventional ports, demonstrate the effects of changes to operating policy, and generally try to show whether and how the CLF can support planned naval operations. Published 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 2008