高超声速乘波飞行器三维流场的并行数值模拟

针对高超声速乘波飞行器三维绕流流场,在基于LINUX+MPI系统的分布式并行计算平台上,并行求解了三维雷诺平均的N-S方程。并行数值方法采用的是有限体积方法(FVM)、OC-TVD差分格式、B-L代数湍流模型及流场分区的并行方法。计算结果表明,所采用的并行数值模拟方法能够求解包含强激波的流场,激波穿越区域边界时无断层、错位等通量不守恒的现象。并行计算效率高,8个处理机计算时的并行加速比达到了6 8。     

超声速扩压器中激波串结构的数值模拟

通过求解由BL湍流模型封闭的二维、轴对称及三维雷诺平均N S方程 ,数值模拟了等截面超声速扩压器中由激波 /附面层干扰诱导的复杂流场 ,比较了二维直管、圆截面直管及三维矩形截面直管中的流场特性、激波串长度及压强恢复程度。在来流马赫数为 3 0的二维直管计算中 ,采用四步Runge Kutta显式方法数值仿真了激波串自激振荡过程 ,并与实验结果作了对比分析     

环管型燃烧室喷雾燃烧DES模拟

为研究燃气轮机燃烧室内复杂的两相三维湍流燃烧问题,采用基于Realizable k-ε模型的分离涡模拟(DES)方法对环管型燃烧室进行喷雾燃烧数值模拟.数值模拟结果表明:DES模拟在燃烧区发挥出大涡模拟(LES)的作用,能获取结构复杂的流场、温度场和涡量场,其对流场内涡结构的捕捉和分辨能力明显强于传统的RANS(雷诺时均N-S方法)模拟.与实验数据对比发现,DES模拟所得燃烧产物含量和燃烧室出口温度分布更符合.因此,DES方法可用于复杂形状燃烧室的燃烧数值模拟,能够避免RANS模型对湍流脉动进行平均处理导致耗散过大、抹平涡结构的缺点,从而可获取更准确的计算结果.     

基于传输方程空化模型的定常自然空化流场数值计算

采用基于传输方程的空化模型,应用自主开发的软件对水翼和水下回转体定常自然空化流场进行了数值计算。采用基于压力修正和多块结构化网格的有限体积方法数值求解Favre平均的NS方程,运用k-ε两方程加壁函数的湍流模式封闭雷诺应力。计算结果与已有实验结果符合较好。     

三维超声速隔离段湍流内流场旋涡结构的数值模拟

从基于雷诺平均的N S方程出发 ,采用有限体积方法离散控制方程 ,数值模拟了三维超声速隔离段湍流内流场。计算中采用了二阶OC TVD差分格式、LU隐式算法和Baldwin Lomax代数湍流模型。数值结果与实验做了对比 ,并结合隔离段中的激波串结构分析了其横截面上旋涡结构的发展过程及不同外形条件下旋涡的不同结构。计算结果表明采用本文发展的方法模拟隔离段湍流流场是可行的 ,截面为正方形与长方形的隔离段内的涡旋结构截然不同     

五阶HWCNS在低速复杂流场中的应用

采用五阶精度显式混合加权紧致非线性格式求解雷诺平均NS方程;利用多块对接结构网格技术,对30P-30N多段翼型进行网格收敛性研究。在不考虑转捩的情况下,采用SA一方程湍流模型研究混合加权紧致非线性格式与二阶精度MUSCL格式对该翼型压力分布和典型站位速度型的影响,并与实验结果进行对比分析。采用混合加权紧致非线性格式和SA一方程湍流模型模拟梯形翼高升力构型低速复杂流场,通过对总体气动特性和压力分布的分析,探讨五阶精度显式混合加权紧致非线性格式在低速复杂外形流动中的应用能力。结果表明,对30P-30N三段翼型,采用全湍流模拟方法可以得到较好的压力分布;对梯形翼高升力构型,在附着流和边界层小分离情况下混合加权紧致非线性格式有较好的模拟能力。     

预处理方法在全速度流场数值模拟中的应用

基于预处理方法,采用有限差分方法,LU-SGS隐式求解了二维可压Navier-Stokes方程,数值模拟了无粘突包、粘性空腔、化学非平衡流场,并与试验结果进行了对比。计算结果表明,所采用的数值模拟方法能够求解低速及亚、跨、超全速度流场和化学非平衡流场,所采用的预处理方法在亚声速范围内保持数值精度的前提下,加速了收敛。     

二维激波/湍流边界层干扰的混合LES/RANS模拟

为了降低高雷诺数条件下大涡模拟方法的计算量,将两方程k-ωSST湍流模型与Yoshizawa一方程亚格子模型通过一个衔接函数相结合,构造一种混合大涡/雷诺平均NS方程模拟方法(混合LES/RANS)。使用这种方法及AUSM+-up格式对20°压缩斜坡的马赫2.85流动进行模拟,并考察了固定入口和在入口添加白噪声两种湍流入口边界条件对于结果的影响。模拟结果再现了边界层的分离、再附以及分离激波等现象,计算得到的分离区要显著大于试验结果,对于这种混合模拟方法的缺点进行了分析,并提出了可能的改进方法。     

三维高超音速干扰流场数值模拟与实验验证

采用Osher Chakraverthy的TVD格式、Baldwin Lomax湍流模型和LU SSOR隐式方法求解了完全NS方程 ,数值模拟了三维高超音速绕流与横向喷流干扰流场。并在高超音速炮风洞中开展了喷流实验研究 ,对该喷流流场的数值计算结果进行实验验证     

等截面隔离段中激波串结构的数值模拟

采用二阶TVD格式的有限体积法偶合Baldwin Lomax代数湍流模型求解雷诺平均Navier stokes方程 ,数值模拟了二维矩形等截面隔离段中的流动现象 ,很好地模拟出由激波 /附面层干扰所形成的复杂的激波串流场结构。计算结果与国外有关文献的结果进行了比较。     

An Unlikely Alliance: Portuguese and South African Airpower in Angola, 1968–1974

The war that Portugal was obliged to fight in Africa began in 1961 and immediately stretched the resources of its armed forces. Nowhere was this thinness more apparent than in policing the vast territory of Angola. The east and southeast of Angola were particularly vulnerable, as the area was a vast, sparsely populated region characterised by enormous featureless plains or chanas covered in tall grass and broken by an extensive river system and mountainous forests. The only military solution to policing these immense spaces was aviation and specifically the helicopter that could carry troops into battle, protect them with a gunship and bring them home when the operation was concluded. The immediate problem for the Portuguese Air Force (Força Aérea Portuguesa or FAP) in Angola and elsewhere was a scarcity of helicopters. The solution was an alliance with South Africa, which had a strong inventory of Alouette IIIs, to help in policing the east. This move was likewise in the interest of South Africa, as its threat came from Zambia through south-eastern Angola. This article examines the strategic and tactical development of this unusual, cross-cultural alliance and the symbiotic relationship that resulted in destruction of the enemies of both in Angola.     

国内外结构钢焊条研究的现状与发展

本文主要介绍了国外焊条的现状和发展趋势,包括焊条的高韧性、高效率、低尘低毒和耐吸潮性能,为国内的焊条研究提供了参考依据。     

A Sign of Victory?: ‘Scottish Swords’ and Other Weapons in the Possession of the ‘Auld Innemie’

Many late medieval documents, notably inventories of arms and armour, of Englishmen contain references to ‘Scottish swords’ and other weapons. What did the compilers of these documents mean when they described a weapon as ‘Scottish’? How did such weapons come to be in the possession of these men? This article will attempt to explain this phenomenon drawing on primary documentary sources and surviving material culture from Glasgow Museums’ collections and others, as well as artworks from the period.     

Helping hands: civil–military cooperation and Italy's military operation abroad

In the Post-Bipolar Era the growing complexity of the military operations requires a new approach for the resolution of international crises. Since the end of the Cold War, peace support operations (PSO) have become the mainstay and principal occupation of most Western armies. At the same time, Italy has been one of the most important actors in such an area. The article focuses on the cooperation between military and civil components (a process called CIMIC) as a key variable in the Italian PSOs. We will analyse in detail the main lessons learned from past military interventions as well as the general context in which new tendencies are taking place. The maintaining of a minimum security frame becomes essential to fulfil activities ‘collateral’ to the mission: reconstructing services and infrastructure, food distribution, water and medication, law and order, de-mining, training of local forces, and supporting local institutions. These are the main tasks to obtain thrust and support from the population.     

Terrorism,insurgency, kidnapping,and security in Africa's energy sector

Energy continues to serve as the bedrock of modern economies and the main driver of modern society. For Africa, the production and supply of energy resources such as crude oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, biomass, biofuels and other renewables are an important source of employment, rents, taxes, royalties and profits. This sector brings in several tens of billions of dollars of revenue annually. The production and delivery of such resources, however, depend on critical infrastructures such as pipelines, refineries, processing plants, terminals, rigs, electrical energy pylons, substations, pump stations, vessels, and tankers. These infrastructures have been attacked by terrorists, insurgents, vandals and saboteurs, all of whom see them as targets against which to register their grievances and extract concessions from the state. This paper is a chronological account of some of the documented incidents of terrorism, insurgency, kidnapping, destruction, sabotage, and human casualties suffered in the oil and gas sectors in Africa between 1999 and 2012. It is based on data extracted from the databases of the RAND Database of World Terrorism Incidents and the University of Maryland's Global Terrorism Database (GTD).     

Cyberpower in Strategic Affairs: Neither Unthinkable nor Blessed

Abstract

This article explores the effect of connectivity on strategic affairs. It argues that the effect on war's character is potentially, although not yet shown in practice, considerably large. Its effect upon the distribution of power among states in the international system is small, contrary to the claims of ‘cyberwar’ alarmists. All told, however, its effect upon strategic affairs is complex. On the one hand, it represents a significant advance in the ‘complexification’ of state strategies, understood in the sense of the production of intended effects. On the other hand, strategists today – still predominantly concerned with the conflicts and confrontations of states and organised military power – are generally missing the power which non-traditional strategic actors, better adapted to the network flows of the information age, are beginning to deploy. These new forms of organization and coercion will challenge the status quo.     

Tacit support for terrorism: The rapprochement between the USSR and Palestinian guerrilla organizations following the 1967 war

This article demonstrates the inconsistent and wavering Soviet attitude towards national liberation movements in general and the Palestinian organizations in particular. Until the late 1960s, the Soviets viewed these organizations with suspicion, hesitating to engage in political dialogue with them. However, in the 1970s, political and military events in the region, as well as modifications in the Kremlin's Cold War strategies, led to a general shift towards the Middle East in Soviet foreign policy. Soviet leaders showed increased willingness to provide certain Palestinian organizations with arms with which to conduct terrorist activities against Israeli, pro-Israeli, Jewish and Western targets. The article explores the complex relations between Palestinian organizations and the USSR in the field of international terror. The study also exposes and analyzes the nature and content of Soviet–Palestinian arms dialogues and transactions. It provides clear evidence that Soviet policymakers and other luminaries were fully informed of, and sometimes directly involved in, these transactions and dialogues at the highest levels.     

A1 Qaeda and the radical Islamic challenge to western strategy

The September 11 global crisis prompted by the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon raises major questions concerning the nature and trajectory of terrorism in the post-Cold War global order. Hitherto, terrorism has been largely debated by analysts at the level of nation states. Terrorist and insurgent movements have also been largely anchored in nationalist and ethnic power bases even when they have sought to mobilise a transnational ideological appeal on religious or class grounds. There have been a few exceptions to this pattern such as the alliance between the German Baader-Meinhof group and the Japanese Red Army Faction, but even such international alliances as this did not, until at least the 1980s, presage anything like a global terrorist network necessitating a global strategic response. This study examines terrorism and global strategic responses.