关于控制使用水成膜泡沫灭火剂的思考

水成膜泡沫灭火剂（AFFF）在扑救B类火灾中发挥重要作用,但其含有的C8类氟碳表面活性剂具有环境难降解性和生物累积性,对生态系统和人体健康具有危害作用.为此,关注消防行业带来的环境污染问题、开展AFFF环境安全管理研究具有重要的理论和现实意义.介绍了传统水成膜泡沫灭火剂的组成、应用,阐述了传统水成膜泡沫灭火剂引起的环境污染和人体健康问题,提出了新型绿色水成膜泡沫灭火剂的开发思路,以及水成膜泡沫灭火剂的环境安全管理对策.     

TOWARDS NEW PEACEKEEPING PARTNERSHIPS IN AFRICA?

The recent conflict between Ethiopia and Eritrea has seen interesting developments in cooperation between international bodies and the Organisation of African Unity. The success of the OAU initiative and intervention in the Ethiopia-Eritrea conflict is laudable, even at this early stage of assessment. A factor in this success has been the speed with which the OAU intervened and, subsequently, its close co-operation with facilitators, the United Nations and the European Union. This article provides an overview of the OAU's peacemaking initiatives and focuses on the implications of the OAU Liaison Mission in Ethiopia-Eritrea (OLMEE), future OAU peace support initiatives and the emergent division of labour between the OAU and the United Nations On the eve of the transition to the African Union, the contributions that the Organisation car successfully make within the context of a continent that remains wracked by civil conflict are of great importance. Its ability to react rapidly and intervene successfully will no doubt have a profound effect on the short-term implementation of the ideals of continental pacification.     

编写高质量消防专业教材的思考与实践

编写高质量消防专业教材是武警学院消防精品课程建设和消防工程特色专业建设的重要组成部分。教材建设是一项系统工程,需要在全面统筹的基础上,科学制订教材编写大纲并严格执行;教材内容应体现先进性、科学性和实践指导性,并充分吸收课程教学改革研究和学术科研成果。日积月累、厚积薄发、全面统筹是编写精品教材的前提,环节控制、求新求实、教研结合是编出精品教材的保障。     

Estimated UK employment dependent on ministry of defence expenditure and defence exports

The Ministry of Defence (MOD) has published estimates of the number of average full‐time UK industry employees dependent on MOD expenditure and defence exports for a number of years. This paper provides the outcome of a recent review of the process used. The method of deriving MOD and defence export final demand vectors, and calculating from these estimates of direct employment (i.e. that in supplying companies) and indirect employment (i.e. that incurred through the supply chain) are described. Difficulties with the data are explored. Alternative approaches, methods used in other countries and challenges posed by changing MOD administrative systems are briefly discussed.     

基于FMECA的信息系统软件失效安全风险评估与预测

随着大量软件产品应用于信息系统,不可避免地增大了软件失效对系统安全的影响概率。本文以某信息系统文电收发的处理过程为例,引入FMECA法,对其文电收发处理过程中由软件造成的风险进行分析,同时分析了引起风险常见的失效模式,并引入Markov模型对软件失效造成系统严重危害的风险进行预测,通过Markov模型与FMECA法结合能够迅速定位软件失效的原因,减少因软件失效造成的系统损失。     

AFRICAN REGIONAL ORGANISATION' PEACE OPERATIONS

This paper reviews recent developments among African regional organisations in undertaking peacekeeping operations, as well as in preparing for future missions. It focuses on those that have been the most active: the Organisation of African Unity/African Union, the Economic Community of West African States and the Southern African Development Community. The paper goes on to briefly describe and analyse the activities of the French, UK, and US capacity-building programmes designed to develop African peacekeeping capacities. The author then identifies some specific concerns and recommends actions to help meet today's challenges. The paper concludes with a short analysis of African organisations' capacities and proclivities to provide a peacekeeping force for Sudan.     

日本消防大学现状及展望

近年来，复杂多样、大规模的灾害，日本大批老消防队员的退役和大量后备队员的录用，都对今后的教育训练提出了新的要求。2005年，日本召开了“关于消防大学的教育训练研讨会”，对新的教育训练等体系提出了诸多建议。以此为契机，日本消防大学接受建议并制定了新的教育训练计划。     

(Un)justified expectations on nuclear deterrence of non-nuclear NATO members: the case of Estonia and Latvia?

ABSTRACT

Nuclear assets are one of the cornerstones of credible collective deterrence of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation. Paradoxically, the most endangered member states are the ones without nuclear capabilities, left with the hope and expectation that the owners of nuclear assets will defend them and that their potential enemies are deterred by these capabilities. However, the expectations from one side, practical commitment of allies from other side may not go in harmony and synchronisation. Is there a capability gap which needs to be fulfilled? If yes then, is the gap in the side of nuclear powers or is it on the side of those endangered states who need to understand what can or cannot realistically be expected? The current article focuses on the question of how the political and military elite of the Baltic states describes their expectations in terms of using Alliance's nuclear capabilities to deter Russia's regional ambitions.     

火灾安全评价方法研究

火灾安全评价是利用系统工程的方法对拟建或已有工程、系统可能存在的危险性及可能产生的后果进行综合评价和预测,并根据可能导致的火灾事故风险的大小,提出相应的安全对策措施,以达到工程、系统安全的过程。主要论述了火灾安全评价的目的、火灾安全评价的意义、火灾安全评价的一般程序、火灾安全评价方法选择、火灾安全评价方法的比较及火灾安全评价方法在消防中应用。     

基于故障树的系统安全风险实时监测方法

当前的安全性分析方法大都属于预先安全性分析方法,即在系统使用前对系统进行安全性分析。但系统的动态特性,如组成部件工作状态的动态变化,使系统的安全性呈现实时变化。为研究系统的实时安全风险,提出了一种基于故障树的实时安全风险监测方法。该方法用故障树表示系统结构,建立系统安全风险评估模型,根据系统的技术状态参数与系统组件工作状态的对应关系,实时对系统的安全风险进行监测;并根据安全风险监测的情况,对安全风险变化原因做出解释,做到防患于未然。用一个具有前馈控制冷却系统的例子演示了该方法的有效性。     

在建改建高层建筑的消防安全问题及对策研究

在建、改建高层建筑的火灾特点不同于普通建筑,具有特殊性。分析了在建、改建高层建筑的火灾特点,并从保温隔热材料、控制可燃物、监控火源、自防自救、充分发挥固定灭火设施的作用等方面提出了在建、改建高层建筑的消防安全问题及解决对策。     

Neutrino-Based Tools for Nuclear Verification and Diplomacy in North Korea

We present neutrino-based options for verifying that the nuclear reactors at North Korea’s Yongbyon Nuclear Research Center are no longer operating or that they are operating in an agreed manner, precluding weapons production. Neutrino detectors may be a mutually agreeable complement to traditional verification protocols because they do not require access inside reactor buildings, could be installed collaboratively, and provide persistent and specific observations. At Yongbyon, neutrino detectors could passively verify reactor shutdowns or monitor power levels and plutonium contents, all from outside the reactor buildings. The monitoring options presented here build on recent successes in basic particle physics. Following a dedicated design study, these tools could be deployed in as little as one year at a reasonable cost. In North Korea, cooperative deployment of neutrino detectors could help redirect a limited number of scientists and engineers from military applications to peaceful technical work in an international community. Opportunities for scientific collaboration with South Korea are especially strong. We encourage policymakers to consider collaborative neutrino projects within a broader program of action toward stability and security on the Korean Peninsula.     

Information sharing in multinational security and military operations. Why and why not? With whom and with whom not?

Military operations increasingly require cooperation between agencies within the same nation, but also collaboration with security and military organizations internationally. Throughout history multinational military cooperation has often been an appropriate way to conduct major operations; national manpower and material resources are generally insufficient to address the demands of missions worldwide. The desire to optimize the use of scarce research and development and investment capabilities, the need for international legitimacy and political support, and the fact that today’s risks transcend national borders, have rendered multinational cooperation in the security domain unavoidable. With joint operations comes the requirement for multi-partner- and multinational information sharing. However, information sharing has both advantages and costs, and is subject to both enabling factors as well as barriers. This paper reflects on theories, both classical and current, as well as empirical case studies, to examine the pros and cons of multinational information sharing, and the factors that conduce or interfere with the transmission and the receipt of intelligence. The importance of a holistic approach and of learning lessons learned are two key lessons gleaned from the analysis, along with an emphasis on developing both the organizational and the interpersonal enablers of information sharing.     

地下建筑消防安全问题及对策研究

针对地下建筑与普通建筑发生火灾时人员疏散、排烟和灭火救援工作的差异,深入分析了地下建筑火灾自身的特点,从消防安全疏散、防火设计和防烟设计等方面提出了消防安全要求及对策。     

AUV分布式自主控制与使命管理方法

提出了一种AUV(Autonomous Underwater Vehicle)自主控制的分布式体系结构与使命管理方法.将自主控制系统分为若干采用慎思/反应混合模式的智能体.每个智能体不仅可以独立地处理事件和进行决策,还可以与其他智能体进行合作来完成复杂的AUV任务.基于该体系结构,研究了AUV使命管理的动态协作机制.利...     

Using public health information to inform,build support and implement policies for gun violence prevention: A case study from the gun ban referendum

Gun violence is one of the most serious health problems in Brazil. Information on gun deaths and injuries is collected by the Ministry of Health. This data has been used very successfully to inform and design public policies for preventing gun violence. This article analyses the use of public health information by researchers and activists, as well as government officials and the media, to reveal the severity of firearm injuries and deaths and to gain consensus on the need for reforms to national gun laws. It also assesses the resounding ‘no’ vote in a recent disarmament referendum to decide whether to prohibit the sale of guns and ammunition. The results of the Brazilian referendum are a lesson to other countries struggling to deal with high levels of gun violence, showing that it may not always be enough to have data to back up efforts to change policies—as people's decisions around gun ownership and use, as well as their choices regarding security policies, are motivated by a complex interaction of factors.     

导弹系统安全性分析中的引发事件鉴别方法

引发事件鉴别是基于事故机理安全性分析的首要任务。鉴别结果是否全面、完整直接影响最终分析结果的有效性。导弹系统安全风险涉及面广、影响因素多,需要系统的可操作方法来指导引发事件的鉴别工作。针对导弹工作特点,提出考虑导弹任务剖面,运用主逻辑图对导弹进行系统性的层次化描述,对引发事件进行整理和归纳。将危险与可操作性分析引入导弹系统安全性分析中进行引发事件鉴别,结合故障模式影响分析,支持对单一故障类和参数异常类引发事件的鉴别。结果表明,所提框架为解决导弹系统安全性分析中引发事件鉴别的系统性完整性提供了可行的思路。     

Safety in international security: a view point from the practice of accident investigation

While security points to a deliberate harming of humans and/or the environment, safety refers to unintended damage. In this view point, I will analyse how the distinction between safety and security matters in the practice of accident investigation and I will argue that the division between the fields is problematic for the assessment of security-related safety risks. Drawing on the case of the our accident investigation into the downing of flight MH17 above Ukraine in 2014, I highlight key dilemmas the Dutch Safety Board dealt with.     

水运液化气火灾隐患分析与对策

在介绍液化气主要成分、主要特性以及贮运方式的基础上，分析了水运液化气的火灾特点。从装卸过程存在点火源、液化气泄漏、惰化处理不彻底、船体老化等几方面分析探讨了目前我国水运液化气存在的火灾隐患，并从消防设计、船整体热处理技术、安全监控技术、船整体耐火条件、安全管理、初起泄漏事故的处理等方面提出了预防对策，为船运公司的安全运营提供参考。     

NEW TERRORISM

New or contemporary international terrorism associated with Islamic fundamentalism and the struggle against Zionism and American interests is a recent phenomenon in Kenya, different to that experienced during the struggle against colonialism. Many explanations have been offered as to why Kenya is being targeted, but have not sufficiently explored its close relationship with the West—especially Britain and the United States, the perceived connection between Israel and the former Presidency of Daniel Arap Moi, domestic forces and government policy. Externally the most important explanations for the increase in regional terrorism are the three waves of global terrorism since 1967, the most recent and significant of which is associated with Osama bin Laden and the Palestinian Intifada. These events reverberated in the region, Sudan and Somalia in particular, but also internally. Both internal and external attribution factors explain the resurgence of new terrorism in Africa. In the case of Kenya, terrorist attacks are associated with the country's internal domestic processes and a naïve approach to broader international issues.